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→‎Literary vs colloquial

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 ==Literary vs colloquial ==
 '''Literary readings''' of [[Harnji]] are usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings, while '''colloquial readings''' are usually used in vernacular speech. For example, [[wikt:白|白]] can be read either "{{tts|pek}}" (literary) or "{{tts|peh}}" (colloquial). The existence of literary and colloquial readings is a prominent feature of some [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]] dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south.
-In [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]], reading pronunciations (''{{tts|thag'ym}}'' 讀音) differ from spoken pronunciations/explications (''{{tts|gwym}}'' 語音/''{{tts|kayseq}}'' 解說). Hokkien dictionaries in Taiwan often differentiate between such character readings with the prefixes [[wikt:文|文]] ({{tts|buun}}) for literary readings, and 白 (pek/peh) for colloquial readings.
-The bulk of literary readings (''{{tts|bunthak}}'' 文讀) are based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang ([[Toong]]) dynasty and mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names). For example, see [[Most Common Surnames in Taiwan]] and [[Laixgoaxkhøf Kharnhoxhak]]. Literary readings tend to be more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of [[Middle Chinese]] than their colloquial equivalents. The colloquial (or vernacular) readings (''{{tts|peqthak}}'' 白讀) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar (ordinary/common) phrases.
-The divergence between literary and colloquial is due to several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the {{w|Han Dynasty}} (206 BCE - 220 CE, [[Haxn]]); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the {{w|Southern and Northern Dynasties}} (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the {{w|Tang Dynasty}} (618 – 907 AD, [[Toong]]). (Note: this could be why literary readings sound closer to [[Mandarin]] than colloquial.)
 Unlike other spoken Chinese varieties, characters used to write [[Zoanciw]] Hokkien have three different kinds of readings: ''literary'' (文 ''buun''), ''colloquial'' (白 ''pek''), and ''vulgar'' (俗 ''{{tts|siok}}''). For example, the readings for [[wikt:肉|肉]] (meat) are: literary ''{{tts|liak}}'', colloquial ''{{tts|hiak}}'' and vulgar ''[[baq]]''; ''{{tts|baq}}'' is the most commonly used reading.