A Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese
Lie hør! Taiwanese is a beautiful and musical language spoken in Taiwan and by Taiwanese people around the world. This Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese will provide you with a brief introduction to the spoken language as well as a writing system called Modern Taiwanese Language (MTL).
Most speakers of Taiwanese aren't aware that there are several writing systems for the language. Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), also known as Church Romanization, might be the most popular romanization, though the government is now promoting a similar system called TRS. We're going to use MTL here because we found it very useful while studying Taiwanese at the Washington DC Taiwanese School, and we think it could help you too. True, most Taiwanese speakers won't be able to read any of these systems, but they will probably understand you better because you learned one.
How to make a syllable
The three important parts of a syllable we will look at first are: starting consonant, vowel, and ending consonant. We will talk about tones later.
Initial consonants
A syllable can start with one of 18 initial consonants. Some sounds have an approximation in English, while others may be more exotic. For now, you can just ignore the silent indicators (mainly f, r, x, v).
| MTL | Approx. | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | spin | papaf | father |
| ph | pin | phaq | to hit |
| m | Mimi | mi | noodle |
| b | mumble | baq | meat |
| t | stem | tit | straight |
| th | Thomas | theh | to take |
| n | neat | nii | year |
| l | lima | laang | person |
| k | ski | kaf | to add |
| kh | key | khix | to go |
| h | heap | hii | fish |
| g | gaggle | go | five |
| c(i) | gee | ciaf | here |
| ch(i) | cheese | chiaf | car |
| s | she / saw | si | is; yes |
| j | vision / zeta | jit | sun; day |
| z | yards | zef | this |
| zh | Tsai (Ts'ai) | zhaix | vegetable |
The p vs. b and k vs. g may be hard to differentiate at first. They are part of a three-way distinction, going from muddy to plain to aspirated.
- b and g are voiced: the vocal cords vibrate along with the consonant
- p, k, t are unvoiced, crisp but not aspirated
- ph, th, kh, ch, and zh have a strong burst of breath
Vowels
A syllable must have a vowel. Here are the four categories of vowels.
Single vowels
These are the pure vowel sounds.
| MTL | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| a | ka | to bite |
| i | hvi | ear |
| u | u | to have |
| e | ke | low |
| o | lo | road |
| ø | hør | good |
| m | m | no |
| ng | hng | far |
We saw m earlier as a consonant, but it can stand alone as a vowel. In fact, both m and ng are complete syllables and complete words. We will see them both again later as final consonants.
Compound vowels
These vowels are a combination of multiple pure vowel sounds.
| MTL | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ai | lai | sharp |
| au | au | back |
| ia | ia | to spread |
| iu | chviu | elephant |
| iø | kiøo | bridge |
| iau | liau | material/stuff |
| ui | ui | stomach |
| oa | toa | big |
| oe | hoe | meeting |
| oai | koaix | weird |
Nasal vowels
These vowel sounds are made using your nose. Most vowels have a nasal form, indicated by a v, chosen because it looks like the Greek letter "nu" (ν).
| MTL | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| va | va | filling (for dumplings etc.) |
| vi | hvi | ear |
| ve | gve | stiff |
| vo | gvo | to comprehend |
| vai | vai | to carry on back |
| vau | gvau | lotus root |
| via | thviaf | to listen |
| viu | sviu | to think |
| viau | gviaw | itchy |
| voa | voa | to exchange |
| voai | kvoaimngg | to close a door |
Vowel plus nasal final consonant
Several vowels can be capped with either m, n, or ng.
| Final | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| am | lam | to mix |
| im | a'kim | aunt |
| iam | liam | to nag |
| an | ban | slow |
| in | kin | near |
| un | tun | dull |
| ien | lien | to practice |
| oan | goan | wish |
| ang | bang | dream |
| eng | teng | hard |
| ong | gong | dumb |
| iang | liang | bright |
| iong | iong | to use |
Notes: ien is often spoken without the i. Also, eng sounds similar to the first part of "English" (Engbuun).
A syllable can only have one of m, n, ng, or v at the same time. For example, man and mang are not valid syllables in Taiwanese. The only exceptions are mng (to ask), nng (egg or pair), and a few other words with ng as the vowel.
Tones
Taiwanese is a tonal language which means that pitch is used to convey meaning. Many words are differentiated solely by tone. Learning to speak and hear the tones of Taiwanese correctly is often difficult for an English speaker. With practice you will be able to hear and speak them. Again most speakers of Taiwanese are not aware of the different tones but they can all understand you when you pronounce them correctly.
Taiwanese has seven tones: five long tones and two short tones. Here are the tones in their classic order:
The letters f, r and x are silent tone indicators for long tones. Short tones always end with a stop (the ending letter tells both consonant and tone).
| # | Tones | Description | MTL | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | high | level (55 or 44) | f (silent) | khaf (leg; foot) |
| 2 | shouting | sharply downward (51) | r (silent) | ar (仔) |
| 3 | low falling | somewhat downward (31) | x (silent) | pax (leopard) |
| 4 | short low | (3ʔ) | ends with q, b, d or g | aq (a duck) |
| 5 | curving | mid, downward, then upward (24) | doubling of vowel | gaau (extraordinary) |
| 7 | basic | mid-level (33) | default | toa |
| 8 | short high | (5ʔ) | ends with h, p, t or k | ah (a box) |
Here are the tones in a different order. Can you tell the difference?
Long tones
Here are some common examples of the long tones:
| Tone | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1. high | hiaf | there |
| 2. shouting | zar | early |
| 3. low-falling | zhaix | vegetable |
| 5. curving | hii | fish |
| 7. basic | si | is |
The tone indicators always come to the right of the vowel, with one exception. To indicate the curving tone of a compound vowel, normally its last letter is repeated. But when there is an a, it is the one repeated, even when it doesn't sit at the very end of the vowel. For example: gaau, jidthaau, na'aau.
Short tones
Here are some examples of the short tones:
| Pitch | -h | -p | -t | -k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8. high | ciah (to eat) | ap (a box) | lat (strength) | bak (ink) |
| 4. low | phaq (to hit) | ciab (juice) | kad (knot) | kag (horn) |
The ending letter tells both consonant and pitch. The high short tones end with h (glottal stop), p, t and k, which are stops sounding similar to how they're used as an initial consonant. The low short tones end with q, b, d, and g, which are the same stops, respectively.
Review the finals
What happens when you put a vowel and tone together? You get a "final", the rear part of the syllable, everything but the initial consonant. It uniquely spells out the vowel, tone, and any consonant endings.
Folding in the tones and ignoring the v, there are only about 32 commonly-used finals. Take a look at the first page of this chart of MTL finals and see how many finals you can read.
Special vowels
For certain vowels in certain tones, there are a few substitutions/shortcuts:
- shouting-tone: ae, ie, uo, ea, ao, when they end the syllable
- high-tone: y, w, (and ym, yn, wn)
- curving-tone: øø -> øo (and iøø -> iøo)
| Vowel# | Before | After | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ai2 | air | ae | hae | sea |
| i2 | ir | ie | lie | you |
| u2 | ur | uo | kuo | (of time) long |
| e2 | er | ea | bea | horse |
| au2 | aur | ao | kao | dog |
| i1 | if | y | y, yn, kym | he / she / it, they, gold |
| u1 | uf | w | titw, zhwn | spider, spring season |
| ø5 | øø | øo | kiøo | bridge |
All five shouting substitutions happen only when they end the syllable, so you still have irm, irn, and urn, not iem, etc.
Tone sandhi
The basic unit of speech is the syllable, which can change tone depending on its environment. This is referred to as tone sandhi, which is extensive in Taiwanese.
Generally, a syllable inside of a word changes tone according to the Tone Circles. For example, the single-syllable word for "duck" (bird): aq. Its original tone is low-short. After adding the suffix ar, the tone becomes high-short: ah'ar.
More examples:
- jit (sun) + thaau (head) = jidthaau (the sun)
- cit (one) + sud (a bit) + ar = cidsut'ar (a little amount of something)
Inside a sentence, the last syllable of most nouns don't change tone. But if that noun is actually used as an adjective, it will. For example, in cidsut'ar png (a bit of rice), the ar changes to high tone when spoken. Furthermore, in ciah cidsut'ar png, the verb ciah (to eat) changes to low-short tone when spoken.
You may have realized by now that tone change is connected to grammar. These tone changes are probably by far the hardest part of learning Taiwanese.
Special punctuation marks
Apostrophe (')
When two syllables are put together, an apostrophe may be used to indicate a syllable boundary if there's any ambiguity. The rule in MTL is that letters are grouped into a syllable starting from the right. Here's one case where a consonant could be part of the first or second syllable.
Okix, meaning "black mole", comes from of (烏; "black") plus kix (痣; "mole"). We simply take the sandhi-modified first syllable (of -> o) and follow it by the second syllable, to get okix. Reading this word, we know the longest syllable starting from the right is kix.
But, there are two other syllables we could combine to get the same result. If we combine og (惡; "evil") and ix (意; "intention") without using an apostrophe, we would also get okix. Clearly, we don't want this. It looks like the k belongs with the second vowel i instead of o.
That's where the apostrophe comes in to save the day. By writing ok'ix with an apostrophe, we keep "evil intention", or "malice", distinct from the harmless okix.
Hyphen (-)
A hyphen is used to join two, or more isolated words to make a new compound word with its own meaning. When reading a hyphenated word, the syllable just before the hyphen should change tone. For example: Taioaan + laang = Taioaan-laang (Taiwanese person) File:Taioaan-laang.mp3 The last syllable of Taioaan changes from oaan to oan. The whole word sounds like Taioanlaang.
Backquote (`)
When a word contains a backquote, all the syllables after it are accented in a weaker, lower tone -- either a low-falling tone or a low stop. The tone of the syllable before the backquote remains unchanged.
Example:
- kviaf`sie ((v.) to freak someone out) - kviaf keeps its high tone but sie is pronounced with a weakened low tone.