Bungieen kab peqoe: Difference between revisions

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'''{{tts|Buun-peh-i-thak}}''' (文白異讀; {{w|Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters}})
'''{{x|Bungieen kab peqoe}}''', {{gsw|buun-pek i-thok|文白異讀|Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters}}


==Literary vs colloquial ==
[[Category:Gwgieen-hak]]
*'''Colloquial readings''' (''{{tts|peqthak}}'') are usually used in vernacular speech.
*'''Literary readings''' (''{{tts|bunthak}}'') of [[Harnji]] are usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings.
*For example, the Harnji {{wt|白}} has two readings:
**Colloquial: '''{{tts|peh}}''', as in '''{{ttsx|[[peqzhaix]]}}''' (Chinese cabbage)
**Literary: '''{{tts|pek}}''', as in '''{{ttsx|zuxpek}}''' (confession)
*The existence of literary and colloquial readings is a prominent feature of some [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]] dialects and in many southern Sinitic varieties.
*Some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. One additional kind may be called ''vulgar'' (俗 ''{{tts|siok}}''). For example, the word ''[[baq]]'' ("meat") may be written using {{tj|肉}}, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings:
**Colloquial: ''{{tts|hek}}''
**Literary: ''{{tts|jiok}}'', as in ''{{x|kutjiok}}'' ({{wt|骨肉}}; flesh and blood; kindred)
 
== Examples ==
The following examples show differences in literary and colloquial readings in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]].
 
=== Harnji Readings ===
{{HokkienLiteraryColloquial}}
 
The following chart illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Colloquial
!Literary
!colspan=4| Example
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
| [p-], [pʰ-]
| [h-]
| [[wikt:分|分]]
| '''p'''wn
| '''h'''wn
| ''divide''
|-
| [ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]
| [s-], [ɕ-]
| [[wikt:成|成]]
| '''c'''viaa
| '''s'''eeng
| ''to become''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
| [k-], [kʰ-]
| [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]
| [[wikt:指|指]]
| '''k'''ie
| '''c'''ie
| ''finger''
|-
| [-ã], [-uã]
| [-an]
| [[wikt:看|看]]
| kh'''voax'''
| kh'''axn'''
| ''to see''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
| [-ʔ]
| [-t]
| [[wikt:食|食]]
| cia̍'''h'''
| si'''t'''
| ''to eat''
|-
| [-i]
| [-e]
| [[wikt:世|世]]
| s'''i'''x
| s'''e'''x
| ''world''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
| [-e]
| [-a]
| [[wikt:家|家]]
| k'''e'''f
| k'''a'''f
| ''family''
|-
| [-ia]
| [-i]
| [[wikt:企|企]]
| kh'''ia'''
| kh'''i'''x
| ''to stand''
|}
{{w|Amoy_dialect#Literary_and_colloquial_readings}}
 
=== Sorji (數字; Numbers) ===
This feature extends to {{w|Chinese numerals}}, which have both literary and colloquial readings. Literary readings are typically used when the numerals are read out loud (e.g. phone numbers), while colloquial readings are used for counting items.
 
{{HokkienLiteraryColloquial-Num}}
*Bunthak: {{tts|0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.}}
*Peqthak: {{tts|cit,nng,svaf,six,go,lak,chid,peq,kao}}
For more detail, see [[Sorji]] and [[Tiexn'oe]]
 
==More details==
In [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]], reading pronunciations (''{{tts|thag'ym}}'' 讀音) differ from spoken pronunciations/explications (''{{tts|gwym}}'' 語音/''{{tts|kayseq}}'' 解說). Hokkien dictionaries in Taiwan often differentiate between such character readings with the prefixes [[wikt:文|文]] ({{tts|buun}}) for literary readings, and 白 (pek/peh) for colloquial readings.
 
The bulk of literary readings (''{{tts|bunthak}}'' 文讀) are based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang ([[Toong]]) dynasty and mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names). For example, see [[Most Common Surnames in Taiwan]] and [[Laixgoaxkhøf Kharnhoxhak]]. Literary readings tend to be more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of [[Middle Chinese]] than their colloquial equivalents. The colloquial (or vernacular) readings (''{{tts|peqthak}}'' 白讀) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar (ordinary/common) phrases.
 
The divergence between literary and colloquial is due to several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the {{w|Han Dynasty}} (206 BCE - 220 CE, [[Haxn]]); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the {{w|Southern and Northern Dynasties}} (420 - 589 CE, [[Lampaktiaau]]); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the {{w|Tang Dynasty}} (618 – 907 AD, [[Toong]]). (Note: this could be why literary readings sound closer to [[Mandarin]] than colloquial. With names and numbers often being read in Mandarin, it has been suggested that Mandarin is effectively replacing literary Hokkien in Taiwanese.)
 
==Source ==
*{{w|Hokkien dialect#Literary_and_colloquial_readings}}
 
==See also==
*[[thøeaji]]
 
[[Category: Gwgienhak]]

Latest revision as of 14:12, 25 January 2024

Bungieen kab peqoe, buun-pek i-thok (文白異讀 Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters)

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