Introduction to Taiwanese Vocabulary: Difference between revisions

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Introduction to Taiwanese Vocabulary (view source)

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=== Hokkien ===
=== Hokkien ===
As a branch of Hokkien, Taiwanese has many words with cognates in other Chinese varieties. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{tts|[[zao]]}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{tts|[[phvi]]}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin).
As a branch of Hokkien, Taiwanese has many words with cognates in other Chinese varieties. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{x|zao}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{x|phvi}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin).


{{Ten common Harnji}}
{{Ten common Harnji}}
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In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[Buun-peh-i-thak]].
In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[Buun-peh-i-thak]].


Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{tts|[[laang]]}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{tx|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{tts|[[zabor]]}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{tx|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{tts|[[baq]]}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[Taioaan Banlamgie thuiciexn ioxngji]].
Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{x|laang}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{x|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{x|zabor}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{x|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{x|baq}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[Taioaan Banlamgie thuiciexn ioxngji]].


===Austronesian===
===Austronesian===
Main article:  [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]]
Main article:  [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]]


Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{tts|[[asef]]}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{tts|[[Taioaan]]}}''', '''{{tts|[[Alysafn]]}}''', '''{{tts|[[Kelaang]]}}''', etc. It is said that 70 to 80% of Taiwan placenames are from the Formosan Austronesian languages.
Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{x|asef}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{x|Taioaan}}''', '''{{x|Alysafn}}''', '''{{x|Kelaang}}''', etc. It is said that 70 to 80% of Taiwan placenames are from the Formosan Austronesian languages.


===Japanese===
===Japanese===
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The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Empire of Japan ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]].  
The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Empire of Japan ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]].  


*'''{{tts|[[otofbae]]}}''' (from {{wt|オートバイ}} ootobai "autobike", an "Engrish" word)
*'''{{x|otofbae}}''' (from {{wt|オートバイ}} ootobai "autobike", an "Engrish" word)
*'''{{tts|[[pharng]]}}''' (from {{wt|パン}} pan "bread", which is itself a loanword from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]).  
*'''{{x|pharng}}''' (from {{wt|パン}} pan "bread", which is itself a loanword from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]).  
*Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably '''{{tx|tek}}''' (from teki {{wt|的}}) and '''{{tx|kaf}}''' (from {{wt|か}}), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers.
*Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably '''{{x|tek}}''' (from teki {{wt|的}}) and '''{{x|kaf}}''' (from {{wt|か}}), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers.


===Western Languages===
===Western Languages===
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! MTL || Notes
! MTL || Notes
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[bihluq]]}}''' || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese
| '''{{x|bihluq}}''' || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[kaq (tan'ui)|kaq]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre)
| '''{{x|kaq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre): 2,934 [[pvee (tan'ui)|pvee]]
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[pak]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease)
| '''{{x|pak}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease)
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[phorngphuq]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pomp}}'' (pump)
| '''{{x|phorngphuq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pomp}}'' (pump)
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[angmngthoo]]}}''' || they called the Dutch "[[angmof|angmo]]" savages (紅毛番 or {{wt|紅毛}})。
| '''{{x|angmngthoo}}''' || they called the Dutch "[[angmof|angmo]]" savages (紅毛番 or {{wt|紅毛}})。
|-
|-
| '''{{tts|[[sapbuun]]}}''' || soap, from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: ''{{wt|sabão}}''
| '''{{x|sapbuun}}''' || soap, from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: ''{{wt|sabão}}''
|}
|}


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