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Modern Literal Taiwanese: Difference between revisions
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;{{tts|Kin'axm larn beq khix Suxliim Iaxchi-ar.}} :Tonight, we want to go to Shilin Night Market. | ;{{tts|Kin'axm larn beq khix Suxliim Iaxchi-ar.}} :Tonight, we want to go to Shilin Night Market. | ||
== | ==Current system== | ||
The MLT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 26 letters, plus [[ø]], to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese. Here are the basic sounds: | The MLT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 26 letters, plus [[ø]], to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese. Here are the basic sounds: | ||
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*[Consonant] + vowel + [tone indicator] + [rear nasal-sound] | *[Consonant] + vowel + [tone indicator] + [rear nasal-sound] | ||
==Consonants== | ===Consonants=== | ||
* Bilabial: b, p, ph, m | * Bilabial: b, p, ph, m | ||
* Alveolar: t, th, n, l | * Alveolar: t, th, n, l | ||
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The convention of using "h" to denote [[aspirated consonant]]s is similar to the way superscript "h" is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It is also similar to the way the apostrophe is used in [[Wade-Giles]]. | The convention of using "h" to denote [[aspirated consonant]]s is similar to the way superscript "h" is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It is also similar to the way the apostrophe is used in [[Wade-Giles]]. | ||
==Vowels== | ===Vowels=== | ||
* Simple: {{TTS2|a, i, u, e, o, ø, m, ng|af, y, w, ef, of, øf, mf, ngf}} | * Simple: {{TTS2|a, i, u, e, o, ø, m, ng|af, y, w, ef, of, øf, mf, ngf}} | ||
* Compound: {{tts|ai, au, ia, iu, iø, iau, ui, oa, oe, øe, oai}} | * Compound: {{tts|ai, au, ia, iu, iø, iau, ui, oa, oe, øe, oai}} | ||
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TMSS originally prescribed two special characters: the Greek {{w|Nu (letter)}} and an [[o]] crossed by a backslash (or [[ø]]). To enable ASCII only typing, these were replaced with the Latin letter ''v'' and number ''0'', respectively. Because mixing numbers into words is problematic for spell checkers, ''0'' was subsequently replaced by ''Q''. For convenience, ''Qe'' can generally be replaced with ''oe'' (the distinction between these two sounds is blurred in common usage). | TMSS originally prescribed two special characters: the Greek {{w|Nu (letter)}} and an [[o]] crossed by a backslash (or [[ø]]). To enable ASCII only typing, these were replaced with the Latin letter ''v'' and number ''0'', respectively. Because mixing numbers into words is problematic for spell checkers, ''0'' was subsequently replaced by ''Q''. For convenience, ''Qe'' can generally be replaced with ''oe'' (the distinction between these two sounds is blurred in common usage). | ||
==Tones== | ===Tones=== | ||
The [[Tones of Taiwanese]] are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the MLT system. The basic tone has no modification. | The [[Tones of Taiwanese]] are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the MLT system. The basic tone has no modification. | ||
===High Tone=== | ====High Tone==== | ||
A [[Køtiau-ym|high tone]] is derived from raising a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "f" after a vowel, except "i" and "u", in a syllable. The high tone of "i" and "u" are "y" and "w" respectively. Note that the tone indicator "f" is a [[silent letter]]. | A [[Køtiau-ym|high tone]] is derived from raising a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "f" after a vowel, except "i" and "u", in a syllable. The high tone of "i" and "u" are "y" and "w" respectively. Note that the tone indicator "f" is a [[silent letter]]. | ||
===Shouting-out Tone=== | ====Shouting-out Tone==== | ||
A [[Sioxngtut-ym|shouting-out tone]] is derived from shouting out a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "r" after a vowel. Exceptions "ai", "i", "u", "e", and "au", in a syllable, for which "ae", "ie", "uo", "ea", and "ao" are substituted, respectively. | A [[Sioxngtut-ym|shouting-out tone]] is derived from shouting out a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "r" after a vowel. Exceptions "ai", "i", "u", "e", and "au", in a syllable, for which "ae", "ie", "uo", "ea", and "ao" are substituted, respectively. | ||
===Low-falling Tone=== | ====Low-falling Tone==== | ||
The [[Extut-ym|low-falling tone]] is always marked by appending an "x" to the rearmost vowel. | The [[Extut-ym|low-falling tone]] is always marked by appending an "x" to the rearmost vowel. | ||
===Rising Tone=== | ====Rising Tone==== | ||
The [[Hoesoaan-ym|rising tone]] is denoted by the following rules: | The [[Hoesoaan-ym|rising tone]] is denoted by the following rules: | ||
* Simple vowel: simply repeat the vowel. | * Simple vowel: simply repeat the vowel. | ||
* Compound vowel: repeat the last vowel letter except when it contains an "a", then repeats "a". In the case of ø, use øo rather than øø. | * Compound vowel: repeat the last vowel letter except when it contains an "a", then repeats "a". In the case of ø, use øo rather than øø. | ||
===Short Tone=== | ====Short Tone==== | ||
[[Tøefym|Low stopping tones]] are indicated by substituting the final stops as follows: h->q, t->d, p->b, k->g. | [[Tøefym|Low stopping tones]] are indicated by substituting the final stops as follows: h->q, t->d, p->b, k->g. | ||
===Rare shouting tone=== | ====Rare shouting tone==== | ||
This tone has largely merged with the shouting-out tone. It is used in rare instances such as the [[triplet]] "aarng'ang'aang", meaning "extraordinarily red". | This tone has largely merged with the shouting-out tone. It is used in rare instances such as the [[triplet]] "aarng'ang'aang", meaning "extraordinarily red". | ||
===Examples=== | ====Examples==== | ||
Examples for the seven [[Tones of Taiwanese]]: {{tts|ty,bea,pax,aq,zoaa,chviu,lok}} | Examples for the seven [[Tones of Taiwanese]]: {{tts|ty,bea,pax,aq,zoaa,chviu,lok}} | ||
* 1 (High): [[ty]] (pig) | * 1 (High): [[ty]] (pig) | ||
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* 8 (High stop): [[lok]] (deer) | * 8 (High stop): [[lok]] (deer) | ||
==Special Symbols== | ===Special Symbols=== | ||
The [[vertical typewriter apostrophe]] (') is used to demarcate syllables when there is ambiguity. A [[hyphen]] (-) is used to join two, or more isolated words to make a new compound word with its own meaning. | The [[vertical typewriter apostrophe]] (') is used to demarcate syllables when there is ambiguity. A [[hyphen]] (-) is used to join two, or more isolated words to make a new compound word with its own meaning. | ||