Swadesh List: Difference between revisions

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Swadesh List (view source)

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A {{w|Swadesh list}} is one of several lists of vocabulary with "basic" meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940–50s, which is used in lexicostatistics (quantitative language relatedness assessment) and glottochronology (language divergence dating).
A {{w|Swadesh list}} is one of several lists of vocabulary with "basic" meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940–50s, which is used in lexicostatistics (quantitative language relatedness assessment) and glottochronology (language divergence dating).


See [[wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists|Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists]] for a comparison of Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Teochew, Hakka, and Burmese.
See {{wt|Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists}} for a comparison of Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Teochew, Hakka, and Burmese.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! align=left | English word
! align=left | POS
! align=left | MTL
! align=left | notes
! align=left | MTL (2)
! align=left | note (2)
! align=left | MTL (3)
! align=left | note (3)
! align=left | MTL (4)
! align=left | note (4)
! align=left | MTL (5)
! align=left | note (5)


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  English word !!  POS !!  MTL !!  notes !!  MTL (2) !!  note (2) !!  MTL (3) !!  note (3) !!  MTL (4) !!  note (4) !!  MTL (5) !!  note (5)
|-
|-
|  I || personal pronoun || [[goar]] ||  
|  I || personal pronoun || [[goar]] ||  
|-
|-
|  you(singular) || personal pronoun || [[lie]] ||  
|  you(singular) || personal pronoun || [[Personal pronouns#Lie|lie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  he || personal pronoun || [[y]] ||  
|  he || personal pronoun || [[y (taixbengsuu)|y]] ||  
|-
|-
|  we || personal pronoun || [[gurn]]/goarn || we (not including you)
|  we || personal pronoun || [[gurn]]/goarn || we (not including you)
|| larn || we (including you)
|| [[larn]] || we (including you)
|-
|-
|  you(plural) || personal pronoun || [[lirn]] ||  
|  you(plural) || personal pronoun || [[lirn]] ||  
Line 32: Line 19:
|  they || personal pronoun || [[yn]] ||  
|  they || personal pronoun || [[yn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  this || demonstrative pronoun || [[zef]] ||  
|  this || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|zef}} ||  
|| cit'ee ||  
|| {{x|cit'ee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  that || demonstrative pronoun || [[hef]] ||  
|  that || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|hef}} ||  
|| hit'ee ||  
|| {{x|hit'ee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  here || demonstrative pronoun || [[ciaf]] ||  
|  here || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|ciaf}} ||  
|-
|-
|  there || demonstrative pronoun || [[hiaf]] ||  
|  there || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|hiaf}} ||  
|-
|-
|  who || interrogative || [[sviaflaang]] ||  
|  who || interrogative || [[sviaflaang]] ||  
|| siafng || contraction of sviaflaang
|| siafng || contraction of sviaflaang
|-
|-
|  what || interrogative || sviafmih ||  
|  what || interrogative || {{x|sviafmih}} ||  
|| [[symmih]] ||  
|| [[symmih]] ||  
|| tøfcidee || which
|| tøfcidee || which
Line 51: Line 38:
|  where || interrogative || [[tøfui]] ||  
|  where || interrogative || [[tøfui]] ||  
|-
|-
|  when || interrogative || symmih-sizun || what time
|  when || interrogative || {{x|symmih-sizun}} || what time
|| [[tangsii]] ||  
|| {{x|tangsii}} ||  
|-
|-
|  how || interrogative || juhøo || formal
|  how || interrogative || juhøo || formal
Line 59: Line 46:
|-
|-
|  not ||  || pud || literary
|  not ||  || pud || literary
|| m || is not/does not
|| [[m]] || is not/does not
|| boe || is not able to
|| {{x|bøe}} || is not able to
|| maix || do not (imperative)
|| maix || do not (imperative)
|| [[bøo]] || does not have/did not
|| [[bøo]] || does not have/did not
Line 70: Line 57:
|| lofngzorng || ex. how many in all?
|| lofngzorng || ex. how many in all?
|-
|-
|  many || quantifier || zoe ||  
|  many || quantifier || zøe ||  
|-
|-
|  some || quantifier || cidkoar/cidkoafar ||  
|  some || quantifier || cidkoar/cidkoafar ||  
Line 80: Line 67:
|| padee ||  
|| padee ||  
|-
|-
|  one || cardinal number || id || more than 10
|  one || [[kisox|cardinal number]] || id || more than 10
|| cit || less than 10
|| cit || less than 10
|-
|-
Line 92: Line 79:
|  five || cardinal number || go ||  
|  five || cardinal number || go ||  
|-
|-
|  big || adjective || [[toa]] ||  
|  big || [[heng'iongsuu|adjective]] || {{x|toa}} ||  
|-
|-
|  long || adjective || tngg ||  
|  long || adjective || tngg ||  
Line 102: Line 89:
|  heavy || adjective || tang ||  
|  heavy || adjective || tang ||  
|-
|-
|  small || adjective || soex ||  
|  small || adjective || {{x|søex}} ||  
|-
|-
|  short || adjective || tøea ||  
|  short || adjective || [[tea (heng'ioong-suu)|tea]] ||  
|-
|-
|  narrow || adjective || oeh ||  
|  narrow || adjective || øeh ||  
|-
|-
|  thin || adjective || pøh ||  
|  thin || adjective || {{x|pøh}} ||  
|-
|-
|  woman || noun || [[lwjiin]] || formal
|  woman || [[bengsuu|noun]] || [[lwjiin]] || formal
|| [[zabor]] || informal
|| [[zabor]] || informal
|-
|-
Line 145: Line 132:
|| kawar ||  
|| kawar ||  
|-
|-
|  louse || noun || sad ||  
|  louse || noun || bagsad ||  
|| [[satbuo]] ||  
|| [[satbuo]] ||  
|-
|-
Line 155: Line 142:
|-
|-
|  tree || noun || chiu ||  
|  tree || noun || chiu ||  
|| chiu'ar ([[chiu-ar]]) ||  
|| chiu'ar ([[chiuar]]) ||  
|-
|-
|  forest || noun || [[simliim]] ||  
|  forest || noun || [[simliim]] ||  
Line 164: Line 151:
|-
|-
|  fruit || noun || [[zuykør]] ||  
|  fruit || noun || [[zuykør]] ||  
|| [[koefcie]] ||  
|| [[køefcie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  seed || noun || [[zefngcie]] ||  
|  seed || noun || [[zefngcie]] ||  
Line 183: Line 170:
|-
|-
|  skin || noun || phøee ||  
|  skin || noun || phøee ||  
|| [[phoehw]] ||  
|| [[phøehw]] ||  
|-
|-
|  meat || noun || [[baq]] ||  
|  meat || noun || [[baq]] ||  
Line 193: Line 180:
|| [[kutthaau]] ||  
|| [[kutthaau]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fat || noun || [[cihoong]] || academic
|  fat || noun || [[cihofng]] || academic
|| jixnngg || colloquial
|| [[jixnngg]] || colloquial
|-
|-
|  egg || noun || [[nng]] ||  
|  egg || noun || [[nng]] ||  
Line 201: Line 188:
|  horn || noun || [[kag]] ||  
|  horn || noun || [[kag]] ||  
|-
|-
|  tail || noun || [[bøea]] ||  
|  tail || noun || [[bøea (miasuu)|bøea]] ||  
|| [[bøefliw]] ||  
|| [[bøefliw]] ||  
|-
|-
Line 211: Line 198:
|| [[thaukhag]] ||  
|| [[thaukhag]] ||  
|-
|-
|  ear || noun || [[hvi]] ||  
|  ear || noun || [[hvi'ar]] ||  
|| hvi'ar ([[hvi-ar]]) ||  
|| ||  
|| [[hvixkhafng]] ||  
|| [[hvixkhafng]] ||  
|-
|-
Line 218: Line 205:
|-
|-
|  nose || noun || phvi ||  
|  nose || noun || phvi ||  
|| phvi'ar ([[phvi-ar]]) ||  
|| [[phvi'ar]] ||  
|-
|-
|  mouth || noun || [[zhuix]] ||  
|  mouth || noun || [[zhuix]] ||  
Line 260: Line 247:
|| [[kvoazong]] ||  
|| [[kvoazong]] ||  
|-
|-
|  drink || verb || [[lym]] ||  
|  drink || [[toxngsuu|verb]] || [[lym]] ||  
|-
|-
|  eat || verb || [[ciah]] ||  
|  eat || verb || [[ciah]] ||  
Line 279: Line 266:
|| [[awthox]] || formal
|| [[awthox]] || formal
|-
|-
|  blow || verb || zhef ||  
|  blow || verb || zhøef ||  
|| puun ||  
|| puun ||  
|-
|-
Line 329: Line 316:
|| tuh ||  
|| tuh ||  
|-
|-
|  scratch || verb || [[pee]] ||  
|  scratch || verb || {{x|pee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  dig || verb || [[or]] ||  
|  dig || verb || [[or]] ||  
Line 339: Line 326:
|  swim || verb || [[siuzuie]] ||  
|  swim || verb || [[siuzuie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fly || verb || [[pøef]] ||  
|  fly || verb || {{x|pøef}} ||  
|-
|-
|  walk || verb || [[kviaa]] || generic
|  walk || verb || [[kviaa]] || generic
Line 347: Line 334:
|| poxliern || go on foot (formal)
|| poxliern || go on foot (formal)
|-
|-
|  come || verb || [[laai]] ||  
|  come || verb || {{x|laai}} ||  
|-
|-
|  lie || verb || [[tør]] || horizontal
|  lie || verb || [[tør]] || horizontal
Line 368: Line 355:
|  rub || verb || [[loarn]] || massage; knead
|  rub || verb || [[loarn]] || massage; knead
|-
|-
|  wash || verb || [[søea]] ||  
|  wash || verb || {{x|søea}} ||  
|-
|-
|  wipe || verb || [[chid]] ||  
|  wipe || verb || [[chid]] ||  
Line 379: Line 366:
|  throw || verb || [[taxn]] ||  
|  throw || verb || [[taxn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  tie || verb || [[pak]] ||  
|  tie || verb || {{x|pak}} ||  
|-
|-
|  sew || verb || [[paang]] ||  
|  sew || verb || [[paang]] ||  
Line 406: Line 393:
|  moon || noun || [[gøeqniuu]] ||  
|  moon || noun || [[gøeqniuu]] ||  
|-
|-
|  star || noun || [[chvy]] ||  
|  star || noun || [[zhvef]]/[[chvy]] ||  
|-
|-
|  water || noun || [[zuie]] ||  
|  water || noun || [[zuie]] ||  
Line 412: Line 399:
|  rain || noun || [[ho]]/[[løqho]] ||  
|  rain || noun || [[ho]]/[[løqho]] ||  
|-
|-
|  river || noun || [[høo]] ||  
|  river || noun || [[khøef|høo]] ||  
|-
|-
|  lake || noun || [[oo]] ||  
|  lake || noun || [[oo]] ||  
Line 427: Line 414:
|  dust || noun || [[thohurn]] ||  
|  dust || noun || [[thohurn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  earth || noun || [[texkiuu]] || planet
|  earth || noun || [[tøexkiuu]] || planet
|-
|-
|  cloud || noun || [[huun]] ||  
|  cloud || noun || [[huun]] ||  
Line 435: Line 422:
|  sky || noun || [[thvy]] ||  
|  sky || noun || [[thvy]] ||  
|-
|-
|  wind || noun || [[hofng]] ||  
|  wind || noun || [[hofng (khiesiong)|hofng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  snow || noun || [[søeq]] ||  
|  snow || noun || [[seq]] ||  
|-
|-
|  ice || noun || [[pefng]] ||  
|  ice || noun || [[pefng]] ||  
Line 443: Line 430:
|  smoke || noun || [[hwn]] ||  
|  smoke || noun || [[hwn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fire || noun || [[høea]] ||  
|  fire || noun || {{x|høea}} ||  
|-
|-
|  ashes || noun || [[høef]] || ashes or dust
|  ashes || noun || [[høef]] || ashes or dust
|| [[hoefhw]] ||  
|| [[høefhw]] ||  
|-
|-
|  burn || verb || [[hviaa]] ||  
|  burn || verb || [[hviaa]] ||  
Line 457: Line 444:
|-
|-
|  green || adjective || [[lek]] ||  
|  green || adjective || [[lek]] ||  
|| [[chveseg]] ||  
|| [[zhveseg]]/chviseg ||  
|-
|-
|  yellow || adjective || [[ngg]] ||  
|  yellow || adjective || [[ngg]] ||  
Line 491: Line 478:
|| [[zhaonoa]] ||  
|| [[zhaonoa]] ||  
|-
|-
|  dirty || adjective || [[lahsab]] ||  
|  dirty || adjective || {{x|lahsab}} ||  
|-
|-
|  straight || adjective || [[tit]] ||  
|  straight || adjective || [[tit]] ||  
Line 532: Line 519:
|-
|-
|  name || noun || [[miaa]] || affix or generic
|  name || noun || [[miaa]] || affix or generic
|}
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