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Introduction to Taiwanese Vocabulary: Difference between revisions
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Introduction to Taiwanese Vocabulary (view source)
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'''Taiwanese''' has been passed on for generations without a standardized writing system. Considered a branch of Hokkien, it is spoken natively by about 70% of the population of Taiwan, brought by immigrants from [[Banlaam|southern Fujian]], mainly during the [[Zhefng-tiaau|Qing dynasty]]. Taiwanese also contains loanwords from Japanese and the native [[Formosan languages]], plus some [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]], [[Kextexgie|Dutch]], and [[Enggie|English]]. | '''Taiwanese''' has been passed on for generations without a standardized writing system. Considered a branch of [[Høxlør-oe|Hokkien]], it is spoken natively by about 70% of the population of Taiwan, brought by immigrants from [[Banlaam|southern Fujian]], mainly during the [[Zhefng-tiaau|Qing dynasty]]. Taiwanese also contains loanwords from Japanese and the native [[Formosan languages]], plus some [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]], [[Kextexgie|Dutch]], and [[Enggie|English]]. | ||
A writing system using Latin characters, [[Peh-oe-ji]], was developed by Western missionaries in the 19th century. The [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church]] has been active in promoting Taiwanese and POJ since the late 19th century. In 1943, [[Liim Keahioong]] and classmates started work on a spelling system that evolved into [[Modern Literal Taiwanese]] (MLT), which is used by the [[Washington DC Taiwanese School]] and the system we use below. | A writing system using Latin characters, [[Peh-oe-ji]], was developed by Western missionaries in the 19th century. The [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church]] has been active in promoting Taiwanese and POJ since the late 19th century. In 1943, [[Liim Keahioong]] and classmates started work on a spelling system that evolved into [[Modern Literal Taiwanese]] (MLT), which is used by the [[Washington DC Taiwanese School]] and the system we use below. | ||
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As a branch of Hokkien, Taiwanese has many words with cognates in other Chinese varieties. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{x|zao}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{x|phvi}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin). | As a branch of Hokkien, Taiwanese has many words with cognates in other Chinese varieties. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{x|zao}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{x|phvi}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin). | ||
{{Ten common | {{Ten common Chinese characters}} | ||
In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[ | In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters]]. | ||
Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{x|laang}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{x|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{x|zabor}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{x|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{x|baq}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[臺灣閩南語推薦用字]]. | Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{x|laang}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{x|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{x|zabor}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{x|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{x|baq}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[臺灣閩南語推薦用字]]. | ||
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Main article: [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]] | Main article: [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]] | ||
Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{x|asef}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{x|Taioaan}}''', '''{{x|Alysafn}}''', '''{{x| | Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{x|asef}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{x|Taioaan}}''', '''{{x|Alysafn}}''', '''{{x|Køelaang}}''', etc. It is said that 70 to 80% of Taiwan placenames are from the Formosan Austronesian languages. | ||
===Japanese=== | ===Japanese=== | ||
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See Also: {{z|台灣閩南語用詞#西洋語言}} | See Also: {{z|台灣閩南語用詞#西洋語言}} | ||
Taiwanese has words that come from [[Hølaan-guo|Dutch]], [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]], and [[Sepangaa- | Taiwanese has words that come from [[Hølaan-guo|Dutch]], [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]], and [[Sepangaa-guo|Spanish]] via its history (see [[Hølaan ee Formosa]]). Aside from placenames (like [[Samtiaw Kag]] and [[Huokuix Kag]]), most western words might be from English via Japanese (see [[Taiwanese words from English]]). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| '''{{x|bihluq}}''' || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese | | '''{{x|bihluq}}''' || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{x|kaq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre): | | '''{{x|kaq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre): 2934 [[pvii (tan'ui)|pvii]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{x|pak}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease) | | '''{{x|pak}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease) | ||