Notes
- Can be recognized by a few vowels not found in general Taiwanese. For example, [ɯ] and [ə] in 書 sir [sɯ³³] and 森 serm [səm˧]. See ir and er in TL
- Source of the northern Taiwan accents: Taipei, Hsinchu, and esp. Lukang.
- In the early 20th century, Zoanciw-speakers were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast.