Notes
- Source of the southern accents (Tainan, Taichung, and esp. Yilan), as Ciangciw-speaking Hoklo people were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well in the early 20th century (Davidson 1903).
- The distinguishing feature of the coastal speech (esp. Yilan) is the use of the vowel vui or ui in place of ng: pvui (png, rice), muii (mngg, door)
- Western terms from Ciangciw-oe: Amoy (Ɛxmuii) and Quemoy (Kimmuii)