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The modern language that we call '''[[ | The modern language that we call '''[[Taiguo|Taiwanese]]''' has been passed on for several generations primarily through oral tradition without a standardized writing system. It may be considered a variant of [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]] brought by [[Høxlør|Hoklo]] settlers from mainland China to the island of Taiwan ([[Formosa]]). The Taiwanese language has captured the history of the island in its borrowing of words from [[Formosan languages]], [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]], [[Kextexgie|Dutch]], [[Jidpwn'oe|Japanese]], and [[Engguo|English]]. | ||
Modern Taiwanese has words coming from [[Sioxngkor Harnguo|Old Chinese]] (ca. 0 BCE/CE) as well as the [[Toong|Tang Dynasty]] (ca. 618-907). However, it is still not natural for many people to write modern Taiwanese with [[Harnji|Han characters]]. Until the late 19th century, educated Taiwanese speakers wrote | Modern Taiwanese has words coming from [[Sioxngkor Harnguo|Old Chinese]] (ca. 0 BCE/CE) as well as the [[Toong|Tang Dynasty]] (ca. 618-907). However, it is still not natural for many people to write modern Taiwanese with [[Harnji|Han characters]]. Until the late 19th century, educated Taiwanese speakers wrote mostly in [[Bungieen-buun|Classical Chinese]]. Where Han characters have been used to record spoken Taiwanese, they are not always etymological or genetic; the borrowing of similar-sounding or similar-meaning characters is a common practice. The lack of a written standard and the difficulty in learning the relatively complicated [[Harnji]] posed a great barrier to written record of Taiwanese speech. | ||
A system of writing Taiwanese using Latin characters called [[POJ]], meaning "vernacular writing", was developed in the 19th century. The indigenous [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church in Taiwan]] has been active in promoting the language since the late 19th century. In 1945, Professor [[Liim Keahioong]], formerly of the Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan, pioneered a system based on POJ called the Taiwanese Modern Spelling System (TMSS). TMSS has evolved into [[Modern Taiwanese Language]] (MTL), also known as Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT). This | A system of writing Taiwanese using Latin characters called [[POJ]], meaning "vernacular writing", was developed in the 19th century. The indigenous [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church in Taiwan]] has been active in promoting the language since the late 19th century. In 1945, Professor [[Liim Keahioong]], formerly of the Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan, pioneered a system based on POJ called the Taiwanese Modern Spelling System (TMSS). TMSS has evolved into [[Modern Taiwanese Language]] (MTL), also known as Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT). This wiki uses MTL to write Taiwanese. | ||
==Common Phrases== | ==Common Phrases== | ||
Main article: [[Common Taiwanese phrases]] | Main article: [[Common Taiwanese phrases]] | ||
;[[Lie hør]][http://learntaiwanese.org/Beginner's%20Guide%20to%20Taiwanese_files/Lie%20hør.ogg !] : Hello! | ;[[Lie hør]][http://learntaiwanese.org/Beginner's%20Guide%20to%20Taiwanese_files/Lie%20hør.ogg !] : Hello! | ||
;{{ | ;{{tts|[[Ciaqpar]]`boe?|ciaqparboe{}} : Hello. (Literally, "have you eaten your fill?") | ||
;{{tts|[[ | ;{{tts|[[Bexbae]]!}} :Not bad. | ||
;{{tts|[[Kafmsia]]!}} :Thank you. | ;{{tts|[[Kafmsia]]!}} :Thank you. | ||
;{{tts|[[Mxbiern-khehkhix]]!}} :You're welcome. / That's OK. | ;{{tts|[[Mxbiern-khehkhix]]!}} :You're welcome. / That's OK. | ||
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===Han Chinese=== | ===Han Chinese=== | ||
Modern linguistic studies (by Robert L. Cheng and Chin-An Li, for example) estimate that most (75% to 90%) Taiwanese words have cognates in other Han Chinese languages. False friends do exist; for example, {{tts|zao}} ( | Modern linguistic studies (by Robert L. Cheng and Chin-An Li, for example) estimate that most (75% to 90%) Taiwanese words have cognates in other Han Chinese languages. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{tts|[[zao]]}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{tts|[[phvi]]}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin). | ||
{{Ten common Harnji}} | {{Ten common Harnji}} | ||
Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: [[laang]] (person, concrete) vs. jiin ( | In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[Buun-peh-i-thak]]. | ||
Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{tts|[[laang]]}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{tts|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{tts|[[zabor]]}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{tts|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{tts|[[baq]]}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[Taioaan Banlamgie thuiciexn ioxngji]]. | |||
===Austronesian=== | ===Austronesian=== | ||
Main article: [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]] | Main article: [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]] | ||
Some Taiwanese terms | Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{tts|[[asef]]}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{tts|[[Taioaan]]}}''', '''{{tts|[[Alysafn]]}}''', '''{{tts|[[Kelaang]]}}''', etc. It is said that 70 to 80% of Taiwan placenames are from the Formosan Austronesian languages. | ||
===Japanese=== | ===Japanese=== | ||
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The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Empire of Japan ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]]. | The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Empire of Japan ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]]. | ||
*[[otofbae]] (from | *'''{{tts|[[otofbae]]}}''' (from {{wt|オートバイ}} ootobai "autobike", an "Engrish" word) | ||
*[[pharng]] (from | *'''{{tts|[[pharng]]}}''' (from {{wt|パン}} pan "bread", which is itself a loanword from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]). | ||
*Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably ''tek'' (from teki 的) and ''kaf'' (from か), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers. | *Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably '''{{tx|tek}}''' (from teki {{wt|的}}) and '''{{tx|kaf}}''' (from {{wt|か}}), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers. | ||
===Western Languages=== | ===Western Languages=== | ||
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! MTL || Notes | ! MTL || Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[bihluq]] || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] '' | | '''{{tts|[[bihluq]]}}''' || from [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[kaq]] || from Dutch '' | | '''{{tts|[[kaq (tan'ui)|kaq]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[pak]] || from Dutch '' | | '''{{tts|[[pak]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[ | | '''{{tts|[[phorngphuq]]}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pomp}}'' (pump) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[angmngthoo]] || they called the Dutch "[[angmof|angmo]]" savages (紅毛番 or | | '''{{tts|[[angmngthoo]]}}''' || they called the Dutch "[[angmof|angmo]]" savages (紅毛番 or {{wt|紅毛}})。 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[sapbuun]] || soap, from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: '' | | '''{{tts|[[sapbuun]]}}''' || soap, from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: ''{{wt|sabão}}'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! MTL || Tai. Hanji || English Meaning | ! MTL || Tai. Hanji || English Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[tee]] || | |[[tee]] {{sound|tee}} || 茶 || tea (from Amoy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[khaothaau]]|| | | [[khaothaau]] {{sound|khaothaau}} || 叩頭 || {{wt|kowtow}} (to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground in token of homage, worship, or deep respect) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[kafmsia]]|| | | [[kafmsia]] {{sound|kafmsia}} || 感謝 || {{wt|cumshaw}} (grateful thanks, from Amoy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[sampafn'ar]]|| 舢舨仔 || | | [[sampafn'ar]] {{sound|sampafn'ar}} || 舢舨仔 || {{wt|sampan}} (a flat-bottomed skiff used in eastern Asia and usually propelled by two short oars) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Jidpurn]]|| 日本 || Japan/Nippon | | [[Jidpurn]] || 日本 || Japan/Nippon | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Sekkhiaf]] || 釋迦 || sweetsop ({{w|sugar-apple}}), resembles top part of Gautama Buddha's (Sakyamuni) head | | [[Sekkhiaf]] {{sound|Sekkhiaf}} || 釋迦 || sweetsop ({{w|sugar-apple}}), resembles top part of Gautama Buddha's (Sakyamuni) head | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{HokkienLiteraryColloquial-Num}} | {{HokkienLiteraryColloquial-Num}} | ||
== | == Further study == | ||
* [[A Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese]] | |||
*{{w|Taiwanese Hokkien}} | *{{w|Taiwanese Hokkien}} | ||
[[Category: Getting started]] | [[Category: Getting started]] |
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