Shouting tone

The shouting tone, tefngtuqym.

MLT Examples

Most pure/single vowels use the silent r:

• a + r = ar: gyn'ar (child)
• o + r = or: or hancii (dig sweet potatoes)
• ø + r = ør: hør! (good)
• m + r = mr (wife of father's older brother)
• ng + r = ngr (3 meanings, click to see)

Note, when the ending is nasal, the substitutions in the section below don't apply:

• ir + m = irm (drink)
• ir + n = irn: lirn (you (Second person))
• ur + n = urn
• ien + r = iern

Substitutions

The three root shouting substitutions:

• ir -> ie, as in chie (mouse)
• ur -> uo, as in Taiguo (Taiwanese)
• er -> ea, as in azea (older sister)

Two more substitutions are actually shortcuts:

• a + ie = ae: bøexbae (not bad)
• a + uo = ao: zao (to run)

The five above extend to these finals:

• u + ie = uie: muie
• i + uo = iuo
• o + ea = oea: boea (bøea)
• o + ae = oae: koae
• i + ao = iao

See also

• Tones of Taiwanese