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| '''{{tts|Buun-peh-i-thak}}''' (文白異讀; {{w|Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters}}) | | '''{{x|Bungieen kab peqoe}}''', {{gsw|buun-pek i-thok|文白異讀|Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters}} |
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| ==Literary vs colloquial ==
| | [[Category:Gwgieen-hak]] |
| *'''Colloquial readings''' ({{tts|peqthak}}) are usually used in vernacular speech.
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| *'''Literary readings''' ({{tts|bunthak}}) of [[Harnji]] are usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings.
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| *For example, take the Harnji [[wikt:白|白]]
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| **Colloquial: {{tts|peh}}, as in {{tts|peqzhaix}} ([[peqzhaix|bakchoy]])
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| **Literary: {{tts|pek}}, as in {{tts|zuxpek}} 自白 (confession)
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| *The existence of literary and colloquial readings is a prominent feature of some [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]] dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south.
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| *[[Zoanciw-oe|Quanzhou Hokkien]] even has ''three'' different kinds of readings. The additional one is ''vulgar'' (俗 ''{{tts|siok}}''). For example, [[wikt:肉|肉]] (meat):
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| **Vulgar: ''{{tts|baq}}'' ([[baq]] is the most commonly used)
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| **Colloquial: ''{{tts|hek}}'' (no example for this one)
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| **Literary: ''{{tts|jiok}}'', as in {{tts|kutjiok}} 骨肉 (flesh and blood; kindred)
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| == Examples ==
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| The following examples show differences in literary and colloquial readings in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]].
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| === Harnji Readings ===
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| {{HokkienLiteraryColloquial}}
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| The following chart illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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| !Colloquial
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| !Literary
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| !colspan=4| Example
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| |- bgcolor=lightgrey
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| | [p-], [pʰ-]
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| | [h-]
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| | [[wikt:分|分]]
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| | '''p'''wn
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| | '''h'''wn
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| | ''divide''
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| |-
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| | [ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]
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| | [s-], [ɕ-]
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| | [[wikt:成|成]]
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| | '''c'''viaa
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| | '''s'''eeng
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| | ''to become''
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| |- bgcolor=lightgrey
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| | [k-], [kʰ-]
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| | [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]
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| | [[wikt:指|指]]
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| | '''k'''ie
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| | '''c'''ie
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| | ''finger''
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| |-
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| | [-ã], [-uã]
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| | [-an]
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| | [[wikt:看|看]]
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| | kh'''voax'''
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| | kh'''axn'''
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| | ''to see''
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| |- bgcolor=lightgrey
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| | [-ʔ]
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| | [-t]
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| | [[wikt:食|食]]
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| | cia̍'''h'''
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| | si'''t'''
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| | ''to eat''
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| |-
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| | [-i]
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| | [-e]
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| | [[wikt:世|世]]
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| | s'''i'''x
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| | s'''e'''x
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| | ''world''
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| |- bgcolor=lightgrey
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| | [-e]
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| | [-a]
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| | [[wikt:家|家]]
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| | k'''e'''f
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| | k'''a'''f
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| | ''family''
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| |-
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| | [-ia]
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| | [-i]
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| | [[wikt:企|企]]
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| | kh'''ia'''
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| | kh'''i'''x
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| | ''to stand''
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| |}
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| {{w|Amoy_dialect#Literary_and_colloquial_readings}}
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| === Sorji (數字; Numbers) ===
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| This feature extends to {{w|Chinese numerals}}, which have both literary and colloquial readings. Literary readings are typically used when the numerals are read out loud (e.g. phone numbers), while colloquial readings are used for counting items.
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| {{HokkienLiteraryColloquial-Num}}
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| *Bunthak: {{tts|0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.}}
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| *Peqthak: {{tts|cit,nng,svaf,six,go,lak,chid,peq,kao}}
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| For more detail, see [[Sorji]] and [[Tiexn'oe]]
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| ==More details==
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| In [[Hokkiexn-oe|Hokkien]], reading pronunciations (''{{tts|thag'ym}}'' 讀音) differ from spoken pronunciations/explications (''{{tts|gwym}}'' 語音/''{{tts|kayseq}}'' 解說). Hokkien dictionaries in Taiwan often differentiate between such character readings with the prefixes [[wikt:文|文]] ({{tts|buun}}) for literary readings, and 白 (pek/peh) for colloquial readings.
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| The bulk of literary readings (''{{tts|bunthak}}'' 文讀) are based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang ([[Toong]]) dynasty and mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names). For example, see [[Most Common Surnames in Taiwan]] and [[Laixgoaxkhøf Kharnhoxhak]]. Literary readings tend to be more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of [[Middle Chinese]] than their colloquial equivalents. The colloquial (or vernacular) readings (''{{tts|peqthak}}'' 白讀) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar (ordinary/common) phrases.
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| The divergence between literary and colloquial is due to several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the {{w|Han Dynasty}} (206 BCE - 220 CE, [[Haxn]]); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the {{w|Southern and Northern Dynasties}} (420 - 589 CE, [[Lampaktiaau]]); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the {{w|Tang Dynasty}} (618 – 907 AD, [[Toong]]). (Note: this could be why literary readings sound closer to [[Mandarin]] than colloquial. With names and numbers often being read in Mandarin, it has been suggested that Mandarin is effectively replacing literary Hokkien in Taiwanese.)
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| ==Source ==
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| *{{w|Hokkien dialect#Literary_and_colloquial_readings}}
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| [[Category: Gwgienhak]]
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