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Tone sandhi: Difference between revisions
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'''Tone sandhi''' ( | '''{{w|Tone sandhi}}''' ("sandhi" is from the Sanskrit word for "joining") is the change of [[Tones of Taiwanese|tone]] based on the pronunciation of adjacent words or morphemes. | ||
==Basic | * In Taiwanese, most syllables will have to change tone ([[pierntiau]]) depending on the surrounding words and grammatical function. The rules for this are extensive. Basically, it's a way to join syllables into words as well as to join larger units. | ||
* If the original tone number is '''5''' ([[curving-up tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''7''' (basic). | * Almost all verbs and adjectives will change tone to "join" them to whatever is coming next in the sentence, if present. | ||
* If the original tone number is '''7''' ([[basic tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''3''' (low falling). | * The final syllable in a noun doesn't change tone, as long as it's standing alone. (If it's being used as an adjective, see above.) | ||
* If the original tone number is '''3''' ([[low tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''2''' (shouting out). | |||
== Basic rules (tone circles) == | |||
[[File:Tone Circles.png|right|frame|Taiwanese tones in isolation, and the changes they undergo when they precede another tone.]] | |||
* If the original tone number is '''5''' ([[curving-up tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''7''' (basic). | |||
* If the original tone number is '''7''' ([[basic tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''3''' (low-falling). | |||
* If the original tone number is '''3''' ([[low tone|low-falling]]), pronounce it as tone number '''2''' (shouting out). | |||
* If the original tone number is '''2''' ([[shouting tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''1''' (high). | * If the original tone number is '''2''' ([[shouting tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''1''' (high). | ||
* If the original tone number is '''1''' ([[high tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''7''' (basic). | * If the original tone number is '''1''' ([[high tone]]), pronounce it as tone number '''7''' (basic). | ||
* If the original tone number is '''8''', pronounce it as tone number '''4'''. | * If the original tone number is '''8''' (high-short), pronounce it as tone number '''4''' (low-short). | ||
* If the original tone number is '''4''', pronounce it as tone number '''8'''. | * If the original tone number is '''4''' (low-short), pronounce it as tone number '''8''' (high-short). | ||
We admit this is a simplification. Please see {{w|Taiwanese Hokkien#Tone sandhi}} for a more detailed explanation. | |||
== Examples in Modern Literal Taiwanese == | |||
In [[MLT]], most multisyllabic words are written with internal tones already changed. This way, the spelling explicitly reflects tone sandhi and thus grammar. For example: | |||
* {{x|chviar}}-{{x|mng}} → {{x|chviaf'mng}} → {{x|chviafmng}} | |||
* {{x|køea}}-{{x|cie}} → {{x|køef'cie}} → {{x|køefcie}} | |||
* {{x|siør}}-{{x|ciar}} → {{x|siøf'ciar}} → {{x|siøfciar}} | |||
Initially, the hyphen keeps syllables separate. After the first step, the [[apostrophe]] delimits syllables that are joined. In the next step, unneeded apostrophes are removed. | |||
Try using the [[MTL Toolbox]] to "unjoin" these example words into the original syllables: | |||
* {{x|bahzaxng}} | |||
* {{x|Taioaan}} | |||
* {{x|hibang}} (see [[polysyllables that become homonyms after conversion to MLT]]) | |||
Of course, there is still plenty of tone change that is not explicitly written. | |||
==Exceptions== | ==Exceptions== | ||
*most nouns | * most nouns | ||
*ciaf, hiaf, zef, hef, ciahniq', hiahniq' | * ciaf, hiaf, zef, hef, ciahniq', hiahniq' | ||
*[[symmih]], [[ | *[[symmih]], [[ui-symmih]], (see [[Taiguo_Siong'iong_460-ji#Demonstrative_pronouns]]) | ||
*basic+[[ar]]. (The basic tone syllable is excepted). | * [[basic tone]] + [[ar]]. (The basic tone syllable is excepted). | ||
*surnames before ''{{ | * surnames before ''{{x|`siensvy}}'': {{x|Taan}}`Siensvy | ||
* some compound words: [[tøe-tang]], [[thvy-kngf]], {{x|sym-sngf}} (the [[hyphen]] is used to hint) | |||
* | |||
== | == Further details == | ||
*{{w|Tone sandhi}} | * more details on double tone sandhi, cases involving suffix ''[[ar]]'' ({{x|仔}}), and adjective [[triplication]] can be found at Wikipedia: {{w|Taiwanese Hokkien#Tone sandhi}} | ||
* syllables ending in "[[h]]" are usually pronounced in [[shouting tone]], such as in {{x|bahzaxng}}, but not {{x|bøeq}} | |||
* [[khix (toxngsuu)|khix]] ("to go") is usually treated as if originally "khiq" | |||
== | == See also == | ||
*[[ | * [[Tones of Taiwanese]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Banlaam-guo]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:gw'ym-hak]] | ||
[[Category: Tones of Taiwanese]] | |||