Introduction to Taiwanese Vocabulary: Difference between revisions

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-'''Introduction to Taiwanese'''
+'''Taiwanese''' has been passed on for generations without a standardized writing system. Considered a variety of [[Høxlør-oe|Hokkien]], it is spoken natively by about 70% of the population of Taiwan, brought by immigrants from [[Banlaam|southern Fujian]], mainly during the [[Zhefng-tiaau|Qing dynasty]]. Taiwanese also contains loanwords from Japanese and the native [[Formosan languages]], plus some [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]], [[Hølaan-guo|Dutch]], and [[Enggie|English]].
-==Overview==
+A writing system using Latin characters, [[Peh-oe-ji]], was developed by Western missionaries in the 19th century. The [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church]] has been active in promoting Taiwanese and POJ since the late 19th century. In 1943, [[Liim Keahioong]] and classmates started work on a spelling system that evolved into [[Modern Literal Taiwanese]] (MLT), which is used by the [[Washington DC Taiwanese School]] and the system we use below.
-The modern language that we call [[Taigie|Taiwanese]] has been passed on for several generations primarily through oral tradition without a standardized writing system. It may be considered a variant of the [[Exmngg-oe|Amoy dialect]] of Chinese brought by [[Fujian]]ese settlers from mainland China to the island of Taiwan ([[Formosa]]). The Taiwanese language has captured the history of the island in its borrowing of words from [[Formosan languages]], [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]], [[Kextexgie|Dutch]], [[Jidpwn'oe|Japanese]], and [[Engguo|English]].
-Modern Taiwanese has words coming from [[Sioxngkor Harnguo|Old Chinese]] (ca. 0 BCE/CE) as well as the [[Toong|Tang Dynasty]] (ca. 618-907). However, it is still not natural for many people to write modern Taiwanese with [[Harnji|Han characters]]. Until the late 19th century, educated Taiwanese speakers wrote solely in [[Bungieen-buun|literary Chinese]]. Where Han characters have been used to record spoken Taiwanese, they are not always etymological or genetic; the borrowing of similar-sounding or similar-meaning characters is a common practice. The lack of a written standard and the difficulty in learning the relatively complicated [[Harnji]] posed a great barrier to written record of Taiwanese speech.
+== Common Phrases ==
-A system of writing Taiwanese using Latin characters called [[POJ]], meaning "vernacular writing", was developed in the 19th century. The indigenous [[Taioaan Kitog Tviwlør Kaohoe|Presbyterian Church in Taiwan]] has been active in promoting the language since the late 19th century. In 1945, Professor [[Liim Keahioong]], formerly of the Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan, pioneered a system based on POJ called the Taiwanese Modern Spelling System (TMSS). TMSS has evolved into [[Modern Taiwanese Language]] (MTL), also known as Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT). This page uses MTL to write Taiwanese.
-==Common Phrases==
 Main article: [[Common Taiwanese phrases]]
-;[http://learntaiwanese.org/Beginner's%20Guide%20to%20Taiwanese_files/Lie%20hQr.ogg Lie hør!] [[wikt:你好|你好]]! : Hello!
+[[File:Lie hør.mp3]]
-;[[Ciaqpar]]`boe? 食飽未? : Hello. (Literally, "have you eaten your fill?")
+;[[Lie hør]] : Hello!
-;{{tts|Bexbae}}! [[wikt:未僫|未僫]] :Not bad.
+[[File:Ciaqpar`boe.mp3]]
-;{{tts|Kafmsia}} [[wikt:感謝|感謝]] :Thank you.
+;[[Ciaqpar`bøe]]? : Hello. (Literally, "have you eaten your fill?")
-;{{tts|Mxbiern-khehkhix}}. [[wikt:呣免|呣免]][[wikt:客氣|客氣]] :You're welcome. / That's OK.
+;{{x|Bøexbae}}! :Not bad.
+;{{x|Kafmsia}}! :Thank you.
+[[File:Mxbiern-khehkhix`laq.mp3]]
+;[[Mxbiern-khehkhix]]! :You're welcome. / That's OK.
 ==Lexicon==
 Main reference: {{w|Taiwanese Hokkien#Lexicon}}
-===Han Chinese===
+=== Hokkien ===
-Modern linguistic studies (by Robert L. Cheng and Chin-An Li, for example) estimate that most (75% to 90%) Taiwanese words have cognates in other Han Chinese languages. False friends do exist; for example, {{tts|zao}} ([[wikt:走|走]]) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, zǒu, means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme {{tts|[[phvi]]}} ([[wikt:鼻|鼻]]) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin bí) but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin).
+As a variety of Hokkien, Taiwanese has many words with cognates in other Chinese varieties. False friends do exist; for example, '''{{x|zao}}''' ({{wt|走}}) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the Mandarin cognate, ''zǒu'', means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different lexical categories; for example, the morpheme '''{{x|phvi}}''' ({{wt|鼻}}) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin ''bí'') but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin).
-{{Ten common Harnji}}
+{{Ten common Chinese characters}}
-Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: [[laang]] (person, concrete) vs. jiin ([[wikt:人|人]], person, abstract); [[zabor]] ([[wikt:查某|查某]], woman) vs. lwjiin ([[wikt:女人|女人]], woman, literary); [[baq]] (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[Taioaan Banlamgie thuiciexn ioxngji]].
+In Taiwanese, [[Harnji]] often have differing literary and colloquial readings (pronunciations). See [[Talk:Bungieen kab peqoe]].
+Some words just have no standard Harnji, and are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: '''{{x|laang}}''' (person, concrete) vs. '''{{x|jiin}}''' ({{wt|人}}, person, abstract); '''{{x|zabor}}''' (woman) vs. '''{{x|lwjiin}}''' ({{wt|女人}}, woman, literary); '''{{x|baq}}''' (meat). See [[Taiguo Siong'iong 460-ji]] and [[臺灣閩南語推薦用字]].
 ===Austronesian===
 Main article:  [[Taiwanese words from Austronesian]]
-Some Taiwanese terms came from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. The often used example is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]: [[asef]], meaning "silly goose". But the major legacy is in Taiwanese place names.
+Some Taiwanese terms originate from the Austronesian Formosan Aboriginal Languages. For example, '''{{x|asef}}''', meaning "silly goose", is from [[Siraya-guo|Sirayan]]. Many Taiwan placenames came from these languages, including '''{{x|Taioaan}}''', '''{{x|Alysafn}}''', '''{{x|Køelaang}}''', etc. It is said that 70 to 80% of Taiwan placenames are from the Formosan Austronesian languages.
 ===Japanese===
 Main article: [[Taiwanese words from Japanese]]
-The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Japanese ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]].
+The [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Empire of Japan ruled Taiwan]] from 1895 to 1945. Extensive contact with the [[Jidguo|Japanese]] language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords. Examples are: [[piexntofng]], [[iafkiuu]], [[piexnsor]], [[huilengky]], [[bixsox]].
-*[[otofbae]] (from [[wikt:オートバイ|オートバイ]] ootobai "autobike", an "Engrish" word)
+*'''{{x|otofbae}}''' (from {{wt|オートバイ}} ootobai "autobike", an "Engrish" word)
-*[[pharng]] (from [[wikt:パン|パン]] pan "bread", which is itself a loanword from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]).
+*'''{{x|pharng}}''' (from {{wt|パン}} pan "bread", which is itself a loanword from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]).
-*Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably ''tek'' (from teki 的) and ''kaf'' (from か), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers.
+*Grammatical particles borrowed from Japanese, notably '''{{x|tek}}''' (from teki {{wt|的}}) and '''{{x|kaf}}''' (from {{wt|か}}), show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers.
 ===Western Languages===
-Taiwanese has words that come from [[Kextexgie|Dutch]], [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]], and [[Sepangaa-gie|Spanish]] via its history (see [[Hølaan ee Formosa]]). Aside from placenames (like [[Samtiaukag]]), most western words might be from English via Japanese (see [[Taiwanese words from English]]).
+See Also: {{z|台灣閩南語用詞#西洋語言}}
+Taiwanese has words that come from [[Hølaan-guo|Dutch]], [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]], and [[Sepangaa-guo|Spanish]] via its history (see [[Hølaan ee Formosa]]). Aside from placenames (like [[Samtiaw Kag]] and [[Huokuix Kag]]), most western words might be from English via Japanese (see [[Taiwanese words from English]]).
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Harnji !! [[Hoaguo]] !! MTL !! Notes
+! MTL || Notes
 |-
-| [[wikt:雪文|雪文]] || 肥皂 || [[sapbuun]] || [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: sabon
+| '''{{x|bihluq}}''' || from [[Hølaan-guo|Dutch]] ''{{wt|bier}}'' via Japanese
 |-
-| [[wikt:甲|甲]] || 土地面積單位 || [[kaq]] || [[Hølaan-oe|Dutch]]: akker (acre)
+| '''{{x|kaq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|akker}}'' (acre): 2934 [[pvii (tan'ui)|pvii]]
 |-
-| [[wikt:紅毛塗|紅毛塗]] || 水泥 || [[angmngthoo]] || they called the Dutch "angmo" savages (紅毛番 or [[wikt:紅毛|紅毛]])。
+| '''{{x|pak}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pachten}}'' (to lease)
+|-
+| '''{{x|phorngphuq}}''' || from Dutch ''{{wt|pomp}}'' (pump)
+|-
+| '''{{x|angmngthoo}}''' || they called the Dutch "[[angmof|angmo]]" savages (紅毛番 or {{wt|紅毛}})。
+|-
+| '''{{x|sapbuun}}''' || soap, from [[Portugal-guo|Portuguese]]: ''{{wt|sabão}}''
 |}
-Refer to: {{w|zh:臺灣閩南語常用外來語#西洋語言}}
+==Getting started==
+===Words you may recognize===
-==Words you may recognize==
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! MTL || Tai. Hanji || English Meaning
 |-
-| [[tee]] ||茶||tea (from Amoy)
+|[[tee]] {{sound|tee}} || 茶 || tea (from [[Exmngg-oe|Amoy]])
 |-
-| [[khaothaau]]||叩頭||kowtow (to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground in token of homage, worship, or deep respect)
+| [[khaothaau]] {{sound|khaothaau}} || 叩頭 || {{wt|kowtow}} (to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground in token of homage, worship, or deep respect)
 |-
-| [[kafmsia]]||感謝 ||cumshaw (grateful thanks, from Amoy)
+| [[kafmsia]] {{sound|kafmsia}} || 感謝 || {{wt|cumshaw}} (grateful thanks, from Amoy)
 |-
-| [[sampafn'ar]]||舢舨仔||sampan (a flat-bottomed skiff used in eastern Asia and usually propelled by two short oars)
+| [[sampafn'ar]] {{sound|sampafn'ar}} || 舢舨仔 || {{wt|sampan}} (a flat-bottomed skiff used in eastern Asia and usually propelled by two short oars)
 |-
-| [[Jidpurn]]||日本||Japan/Nippon
+| [[Jidpurn]] {{sound|Jidpurn}} || 日本 || Japan/Nippon
 |-
-| [[Sekkhiaf]] ||釋迦 ||sweetsop (sugar-apple), resembles top part of Gautama Buddha's (Sakyamuni) head
+| [[Sekkhiaf]] {{sound|Sekkhiaf}} || 釋迦 || sweetsop ({{w|sugar-apple}}), resembles top part of Gautama Buddha's (Sakyamuni) head
 |}
-==How to Count==
+===How to Count===
-There are two sets of [[sorji|numbers]] in Taiwanese, colloquial and literary. Use the colloquial style to count objects. Listen to the machine: {{tts|cit,  nng,  svaf,  six,  go,  lak,  chid,  peq,  kao, zap}}
+There are two sets of numbers in Taiwanese, colloquial and literary. The colloquial style is used for counting. See [[Hokkien numerals]].
-{{HokkienLiteraryColloquial-Num}}
+== Further study ==
+* [[A Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese]]
+*{{w|Taiwanese Hokkien}}
 [[Category: Getting started]]