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'''Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT)''' | '''Modern Literal Taiwanese''' (MLT), also known as '''Modern Taiwanese Language''' (MTL), {{GS|Hiexntai-buun|現代文}} (HTB; short for {{GSW|Hiexntai Bunsuhoad|現代文書法|}}), is a writing system in the [[Latin jixbør|Latin alphabet]] for [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]]. MLT indicates the proper variation of pitch without subsidiary scripts or diacritic symbols. See ''[[A Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese]]'' to get started. | ||
== MLT examples == | |||
;Ciaqpar`bøe? :Greetings. (lit., "Have you eaten? | ; [[Ciaqpar`bøe]]? | ||
:Greetings. (lit., "Have you eaten?") | |||
; [[Piexnsor]] ti [[tøfui]]? | |||
;[[Piexnsor]] ti tøfui? :Where's the bathroom? (lit., "bathroom is where?") | :Where's the bathroom? (lit., "bathroom is where?") | ||
;Kin'axm larn bøeq khix [[Suxliim Iaxchi'ar]]. | |||
:Tonight, we are going to Shilin Night Market. | |||
;Kin'axm larn | |||
== | == Current system == | ||
The MLT alphabet adopts the | The [[MLT alphabet]] adopts the English alphabet of 26 letters, plus [[ø]], to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese. Here are the basic sounds: | ||
*a b c ch e f g h i j k kh l m n ng ø | * a b c ch e f g h i j k kh l m n ng o ø p ph q r s t th u v y z zh | ||
A | A word can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with two syllables being the most typical. Each syllable in MLT follows either one of the two underlying patterns (parts inside the brackets are optional): | ||
*[ | * [consonant] + [nasalizer] + vowel + [tone indicator] | ||
*[ | * [consonant] + vowel + [tone indicator] + [nasal final consonant] | ||
==Consonants== | ===Consonants=== | ||
* Bilabial: | [[File:py, phy, mi, bi, ty, thvy, ny, li, ky, khy, hy, gi, cy, chy, sy, ji, zef, zheq.mp3]] | ||
* Bilabial: p, ph, m, b | |||
* Alveolar: t, th, n, l | * Alveolar: t, th, n, l | ||
* Velar: | * Velar: k, kh, h, g | ||
* Palatal: c, ch, s, j (followed by vowel "i") | * Palatal: c, ch, s, j (followed by vowel "i") | ||
* Dental: z, zh, s, j (not followed by vowel "i") | * Dental: z, zh, s, j (not followed by vowel "i") | ||
The convention of using "h" to denote | The convention of using "h" to denote [[aspirated consonant]]s is similar to the way superscript "h" is used in the {{w|International Phonetic Alphabet}} (IPA). It is also similar to the way the apostrophe is used in [[Wade-Giles]]. | ||
==Vowels== | === Vowels === | ||
* Simple: a, i, u, e, o, ø, m, ng | * Simple: a, i, u, e, o, ø, m, ng | ||
* Compound: ai, au, ia, iu, iø, iau, ui, oa, oe, øe, oai | * Compound: ai, au, ia, iu, iø, iau, ui, oa, oe, [[øe]], oai | ||
* Special | * Special high tone (1st tone of i, u): y, w | ||
* Special | * Special shouting-out tone (2nd tone of ai, i, u, e, au): ae, ie, uo, ea, ao | ||
* | * {{w|Nasal vowel}} (indicator followed by a vowel): v | ||
The | The nasal final consonants ''m'', ''n'', and ''ng'' can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, ''m'' and ''ng'' can function as independent syllables by themselves. | ||
In addition, ''m'' and ''ng'' can function as independent syllables by themselves. | |||
The stops ''h''/''q'', ''k''/''g'', ''p''/''b'' and ''t''/''d'' can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The | The stops ''h''/''q'', ''k''/''g'', ''p''/''b'' and ''t''/''d'' can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The final consonants ''h'' and ''q'' stand for a glottal stop of high and low tone, respectively.) | ||
Originally two special characters were used: the Greek {{w|nu (letter)}} and an [[o]] crossed by a backslash. These have been replaced with the Latin ''[[v]]'' and Scandinavian ''[[ø]]'', respectively. | |||
===Tones=== | ===Tones=== | ||
The [[Tones of Taiwanese]] are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the MLT system. The basic tone has no modification. | The [[Tones of Taiwanese]] are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the MLT system. The basic tone has no modification. | ||
==High | ====High tone==== | ||
A high tone is derived from raising a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "f" after a vowel, except "i" and "u", in a syllable. The high tone of "i" and "u" are "y" and "w" respectively. Note that the tone indicator "f" is | A [[high tone]] is derived from raising a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "f" after a vowel, except "i" and "u", in a syllable. The high tone of "i" and "u" are "y" and "w" respectively. Note that the tone indicator "f" is a [[silent letter]]. | ||
==Shouting-out | ====Shouting-out tone==== | ||
A shouting-out tone is derived from shouting out a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "r" after a vowel. Exceptions "ai", "i", "u", "e", and "au", in a syllable, for which "ae", "ie", "uo", "ea", and "ao" are substituted, respectively. | A [[shouting tone|shouting-out tone]] is derived from shouting out a basic tone, and is represented by adding a tone indicator "r" after a vowel. Exceptions "ai", "i", "u", "e", and "au", in a syllable, for which "ae", "ie", "uo", "ea", and "ao" are substituted, respectively. | ||
==Low-falling | ====Low-falling tone==== | ||
The low-falling tone is always marked by appending an "x" to the rearmost vowel. | The [[low tone|low-falling tone]] is always marked by appending an "x" to the rearmost vowel. | ||
==Rising | ====Rising tone==== | ||
For the [[curving tone|rising tone]]: | |||
* Simple vowel: simply repeat the vowel. | * Simple vowel: simply repeat the vowel. | ||
* Compound vowel: repeat the last vowel letter except | * Compound vowel: repeat the last vowel letter except: | ||
** if it contains an ''a'', then repeat ''a''. | |||
** for ''ø'', use ''øo'' instead of ''øø''. | |||
==Short | ====Short tone==== | ||
[[Short tones]] are indicated by substituting the final stops as follows: h->q, t->d, p->b, k->g. | |||
==Rare shouting tone== | ====Rare shouting tone==== | ||
This tone has largely merged with the shouting-out tone. It is used in rare instances such as the [[triplet]] "aarng'ang'aang", meaning "extraordinarily red". | This tone has largely merged with the shouting-out tone. It is used in rare instances such as the [[triplet]] "aarng'ang'aang", meaning "extraordinarily red". | ||
==Examples== | ====Examples==== | ||
Animals as examples for the [[tones of Taiwanese|seven tones]]: | |||
* 1 | * {{x|say}} (1: High) | ||
* | * {{x|chviu}} (7: Basic) | ||
* 3 | * {{x|pax}} (3: Low-falling) | ||
* | * {{x|hor}} (2: Shouting-out) | ||
* 5 | * {{x|hiim}} (5: Rising) | ||
* | * {{x|lok}} (8: High stop) | ||
* | * {{x|piq}} (4: Low stop) | ||
==Special | === Special symbols === | ||
The [[ | The apostrophe ('; ''[[sefngji-huhø]]'') is used to demarcate syllables when there is ambiguity. A [[hyphen]] (-; ''[[lien'oeh]]'' / ''lien'uih'') is used to join two, or more isolated words to make a new compound word with its own meaning. | ||
All the syllables after a [[backquote]] (`) are spoken in a weaker tone -- either a low-falling tone or a low stop. [[Tone sandhi]] is not applied to the preceding syllable. | |||
== History of MLT == | |||
The [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] (POJ) system, introduced in the 19th century, provides a basis for the phonetic transcription of Taiwanese using the Latin alphabet and developed a significant user base. However the number of users declined during the [[Taioaan Jidpurn sitai|Japanese era]], when the use of POJ was suppressed in preference to [[Taioaan-guo kana|katakana]], and also during the [[kaegiaam-sikii|era of martial law]], during which [[Hiexntai Piauzurn Harnguo|Mandarin Chinese]] was promoted. | |||
In 1943, four classmates in Tainan 2nd Middle School, began compiling Taiwanese words using a spelling system that would become the [[Taiwanese Modern Spelling System]] (TMSS). One of the students, [[Liim Keahioong]], developed TMSS to avoid the diacritic markings of POJ and the difficulty of inputting Chinese characters with the technology available. TMSS served as the basis for Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT), which Dr. Liim first made public in the United States in 1986. Modern Taiwanese Language (MTL) is currently being used by the [[Washington DC Taiwanese School]]. | |||
== | == See also == | ||
* | * [[Taiwanese-English dictionaries]] | ||
* | * [[MTL Toolbox]] | ||
* [[WDCTS]] | |||
== References == | |||
* {{Textbook_1990}} | |||
[[Category:Peqoexji]] | |||
[[Category:Modern Literal Taiwanese]] | |||
[[Category:Modern Taiwanese Language]] | |||
[[Category:Taioaan ee gwgieen]] | |||