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Swadesh List: Difference between revisions

Swadesh List (view source)

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A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list Swadesh list] is one of several lists of vocabulary with "basic" meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940–50s, which is used in lexicostatistics (quantitative language relatedness assessment) and glottochronology (language divergence dating).
A {{w|Swadesh list}} is one of several lists of vocabulary with "basic" meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940–50s, which is used in lexicostatistics (quantitative language relatedness assessment) and glottochronology (language divergence dating).


See also [http://learntaiwanese.taioaan.org/Appendix%20Sino-Tibetan%20Swadesh%20list%20MTL.htm] and [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists] for a comparison of Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Teochew, Hakka, and Burmese.
See {{wt|Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists}} for a comparison of Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Teochew, Hakka, and Burmese.
 
{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- style="background:#eee;"
! align=left | English word
! align=left | POS
! align=left | MTL
! align=left | notes
! align=left | MTL (2)
! align=left | note (2)
! align=left | MTL (3)
! align=left | note (3)
! align=left | MTL (4)
! align=left | note (4)
! align=left | MTL (5)
! align=left | note (5)


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  English word !!  POS !!  MTL !!  notes !!  MTL (2) !!  note (2) !!  MTL (3) !!  note (3) !!  MTL (4) !!  note (4) !!  MTL (5) !!  note (5)
|-
|-
|  I || personal pronoun || [[goar]] ||  
|  I || personal pronoun || [[goar]] ||  
|-
|-
|  you(singular) || personal pronoun || [[lie]] ||  
|  you(singular) || personal pronoun || [[Personal pronouns#Lie|lie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  he || personal pronoun || [[y]] ||  
|  he || personal pronoun || [[y (taixbengsuu)|y]] ||  
|-
|-
|  we || personal pronoun || [[gurn]]/goarn || we (not including you)
|  we || personal pronoun || [[gurn]]/goarn || we (not including you)
|| larn || we (including you)
|| [[larn]] || we (including you)
|-
|-
|  you(plural) || personal pronoun || [[lirn]] ||  
|  you(plural) || personal pronoun || [[lirn]] ||  
Line 32: Line 19:
|  they || personal pronoun || [[yn]] ||  
|  they || personal pronoun || [[yn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  this || demonstrative pronoun || [[zef]] ||  
|  this || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|zef}} ||  
|| cit'ee ||  
|| {{x|cit'ee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  that || demonstrative pronoun || [[hef]] ||  
|  that || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|hef}} ||  
|| hit'ee ||  
|| {{x|hit'ee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  here || demonstrative pronoun || [[ciaf]] ||  
|  here || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|ciaf}} ||  
|-
|-
|  there || demonstrative pronoun || [[hiaf]] ||  
|  there || demonstrative pronoun || {{x|hiaf}} ||  
|-
|-
|  who || interrogative || [[sviaflaang]] ||  
|  who || interrogative || [[sviaflaang]] ||  
|| siafng || contraction of sviaflaang
|| siafng || contraction of sviaflaang
|-
|-
|  what || interrogative || sviafmih ||  
|  what || interrogative || {{x|sviafmih}} ||  
|| [[symmih]] ||  
|| [[symmih]] ||  
|| tQfcidee || which
|| tøfcidee || which
|-
|-
|  where || interrogative || [[tQfui]] ||  
|  where || interrogative || [[tøfui]] ||  
|-
|-
|  when || interrogative || symmih-sizun || what time
|  when || interrogative || {{x|symmih-sizun}} || what time
|| [[tangsii]] ||  
|| {{x|tangsii}} ||  
|-
|-
|  how || interrogative || juhQo || formal
|  how || interrogative || juhøo || formal
|| afnzvoar || informal
|| afnzvoar || informal
|| zvoafviu || in what way
|| zvoafviu || in what way
|-
|-
|  not ||  || pud || literary
|  not ||  || pud || literary
|| m || is not/does not
|| [[m]] || is not/does not
|| boe || is not able to
|| {{x|bøe}} || is not able to
|| maix || do not (imperative)
|| maix || do not (imperative)
|| [[bQo]] || does not have/did not
|| [[bøo]] || does not have/did not
|-
|-
|  all || quantifier || zoanpo || all of it
|  all || quantifier || zoanpo || all of it
Line 70: Line 57:
|| lofngzorng || ex. how many in all?
|| lofngzorng || ex. how many in all?
|-
|-
|  many || quantifier || zoe ||  
|  many || quantifier || zøe ||  
|-
|-
|  some || quantifier || cidkoar ||  
|  some || quantifier || cidkoar/cidkoafar ||  
|| kuynaxee ||  
|| kuynaxee ||  
|-
|-
|  few || quantifier || ciQr ||  
|  few || quantifier || ciør ||  
|-
|-
|  other || quantifier || kithvaf ||  
|  other || quantifier || kithvaf ||  
|| padee ||  
|| padee ||  
|-
|-
|  one || cardinal number || id || more than 10
|  one || [[kisox|cardinal number]] || id || more than 10
|| cit || less than 10
|| cit || less than 10
|-
|-
Line 92: Line 79:
|  five || cardinal number || go ||  
|  five || cardinal number || go ||  
|-
|-
|  big || adjective || [[toa]] ||  
|  big || [[heng'iongsuu|adjective]] || {{x|toa}} ||  
|-
|-
|  long || adjective || tngg ||  
|  long || adjective || tngg ||  
Line 102: Line 89:
|  heavy || adjective || tang ||  
|  heavy || adjective || tang ||  
|-
|-
|  small || adjective || soex ||  
|  small || adjective || {{x|søex}} ||  
|-
|-
|  short || adjective || tQea ||  
|  short || adjective || [[tea (heng'ioong-suu)|tea]] ||  
|-
|-
|  narrow || adjective || oeh ||  
|  narrow || adjective || øeh ||  
|-
|-
|  thin || adjective || pQh ||  
|  thin || adjective || {{x|pøh}} ||  
|-
|-
|  woman || noun || [[lwjiin]] || formal
|  woman || [[bengsuu|noun]] || [[lwjiin]] || formal
|| [[zabor]] || informal
|| [[zabor]] || informal
|-
|-
Line 125: Line 112:
|  husband || noun || [[afng]] ||  
|  husband || noun || [[afng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  mother || noun || [[bwchyn]]/bQfchyn || literary
|  mother || noun || [[bwchyn]]/bøfchyn || literary
|| [[lauxbuo]] ||  
|| [[lauxbuo]] ||  
|| [[mamaf]] ||  
|| [[mamaf]] ||  
|| abuo ||  
|| [[abuo]] ||  
|-
|-
|  father || noun || [[huxchyn]] || literary
|  father || noun || [[huxchyn]] || literary
|| [[lauxpe]] ||  
|| [[lauxpe]] ||  
|| [[papaf]] ||  
|| [[papaf]] ||  
|| apaf ||  
|| [[apaf]] ||  
|-
|-
|  animal || noun || [[toxngbut]] ||  
|  animal || noun || [[toxngbut]] ||  
Line 145: Line 132:
|| kawar ||  
|| kawar ||  
|-
|-
|  louse || noun || sad ||  
|  louse || noun || bagsad ||  
|| [[satbuo]] ||  
|| [[satbuo]] ||  
|-
|-
Line 152: Line 139:
|  worm || noun || [[thaang]] ||  
|  worm || noun || [[thaang]] ||  
|| toxurn || earthworm
|| toxurn || earthworm
|| toxkurn || earthworm
|| [[toxkurn]] || earthworm
|-
|-
|  tree || noun || chiu ||  
|  tree || noun || chiu ||  
|| chiu'ar ([[chiu-ar]]) ||  
|| chiu'ar ([[chiuar]]) ||  
|-
|-
|  forest || noun || [[simliim]] ||  
|  forest || noun || [[simliim]] ||  
Line 163: Line 150:
|| ki'ar || informal
|| ki'ar || informal
|-
|-
|  fruit || noun || [[zuykQr]] ||  
|  fruit || noun || [[zuykør]] ||  
|| [[koefcie]] ||  
|| [[køefcie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  seed || noun || [[zefngcie]] ||  
|  seed || noun || [[zefngcie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  leaf || noun || [[hiQh]] ||  
|  leaf || noun || [[hiøh]] ||  
|| hiQqar ||  
|| hiøqar ||  
|-
|-
|  root || noun || [[kwn]] ||  
|  root || noun || [[kwn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  bark || noun || [[chiuxphQee]] ||  
|  bark || noun || [[chiuxphøee]] ||  
|-
|-
|  flower || noun || [[hoef]] ||  
|  flower || noun || [[hoef]] ||  
Line 179: Line 166:
|  grass || noun || [[zhao]] ||  
|  grass || noun || [[zhao]] ||  
|-
|-
|  rope || noun || [[sQq]] ||  
|  rope || noun || [[søq]] ||  
|| sQh'ar ||  
|| søh'ar ||  
|-
|-
|  skin || noun || [[phQee]] ||  
|  skin || noun || phøee ||  
|| [[phQehw]] ||  
|| [[phøehw]] ||  
|-
|-
|  meat || noun || [[baq]] ||  
|  meat || noun || [[baq]] ||  
Line 193: Line 180:
|| [[kutthaau]] ||  
|| [[kutthaau]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fat || noun || [[cihoong]] || academic
|  fat || noun || [[cihofng]] || academic
|| jixnngg || colloquial
|| [[jixnngg]] || colloquial
|-
|-
|  egg || noun || [[nng]] ||  
|  egg || noun || [[nng]] ||  
|| [[koenng]] || chicken egg
|| [[køenng]] || chicken egg
|-
|-
|  horn || noun || [[kag]] ||  
|  horn || noun || [[kag]] ||  
|-
|-
|  tail || noun || [[bQea]] ||  
|  tail || noun || [[bøea (miasuu)|bøea]] ||  
|| [[bQefliw]] ||  
|| [[bøefliw]] ||  
|-
|-
|  feather || noun || [[ciawmngg]] ||  
|  feather || noun || [[ciawmngg]] ||  
Line 211: Line 198:
|| [[thaukhag]] ||  
|| [[thaukhag]] ||  
|-
|-
|  ear || noun || [[hvi]] ||  
|  ear || noun || [[hvi'ar]] ||  
|| hvi'ar ([[hvi-ar]]) ||  
|| ||  
|| [[hvixkhafng]] ||  
|| [[hvixkhafng]] ||  
|-
|-
Line 218: Line 205:
|-
|-
|  nose || noun || phvi ||  
|  nose || noun || phvi ||  
|| phvi'ar ([[phvi-ar]]) ||  
|| [[phvi'ar]] ||  
|-
|-
|  mouth || noun || [[zhuix]] ||  
|  mouth || noun || [[zhuix]] ||  
Line 260: Line 247:
|| [[kvoazong]] ||  
|| [[kvoazong]] ||  
|-
|-
|  drink || verb || [[lym]] ||  
|  drink || [[toxngsuu|verb]] || [[lym]] ||  
|-
|-
|  eat || verb || [[ciah]] ||  
|  eat || verb || [[ciah]] ||  
Line 272: Line 259:
|  spit || verb || [[phuix]] || generic
|  spit || verb || [[phuix]] || generic
|| [[phuienoa]] || lit. spit saliva (informal)
|| [[phuienoa]] || lit. spit saliva (informal)
|| phuiezhuienoa || lit. spit saliva (informal)
|| phuie-[[zhuienoa]] || lit. spit saliva (informal)
|| [[phuiethaam]] || lit. spit phlegm (informal)
|| [[phuiethaam]] || lit. spit phlegm (informal)
|-
|-
Line 279: Line 266:
|| [[awthox]] || formal
|| [[awthox]] || formal
|-
|-
|  blow || verb || zhef ||  
|  blow || verb || zhøef ||  
|| puun ||  
|| puun ||  
|-
|-
|  breathe || verb || hokhib || academic (respire)
|  breathe || verb || [[hokhib]] || academic (respire)
|| [[zhoafnkhuix]] ||  
|| [[zhoafnkhuix]] ||  
|-
|-
|  laugh || verb || [[chiQx]] ||  
|  laugh || verb || [[chiøx]] ||  
|-
|-
|  see || verb || [[khvoax]] ||  
|  see || verb || [[khvoax]] ||  
Line 293: Line 280:
|  know || verb || zay ||  
|  know || verb || zay ||  
|| [[zaiviar]] ||  
|| [[zaiviar]] ||  
|| [[pad]] || to recognize
|| [[bad]] || to recognize
|-
|-
|  think || verb || [[sviu]] ||  
|  think || verb || [[sviu]] ||  
Line 310: Line 297:
|-
|-
|  fight || verb || [[oankef]] || argue
|  fight || verb || [[oankef]] || argue
|| [[siQphaq]] || fists
|| [[siøphaq]] || fists
|| [[siQthaai]] || war
|| [[siøthaai]] || war
|-
|-
|  hunt || verb || [[phahlah]] ||  
|  hunt || verb || [[phahlah]] ||  
Line 321: Line 308:
|| [[kaf]] || scissors
|| [[kaf]] || scissors
|-
|-
|  split || verb || phoarkhuy || transitive split open
|  split || verb || [[phoarkhuy]] || transitive split open
|| liqkhuy || intransitive split open
|| liqkhuy || intransitive split open
|| hunkhuy || split up
|| hunkhuy || split up
Line 329: Line 316:
|| tuh ||  
|| tuh ||  
|-
|-
|  scratch || verb || pee ||  
|  scratch || verb || {{x|pee}} ||  
|-
|-
|  dig || verb || or ||  
|  dig || verb || [[or]] ||  
|| oea ||  
|| oea ||  
|| iaq ||  
|| iaq ||  
Line 337: Line 324:
|| kut ||  
|| kut ||  
|-
|-
|  swim || verb || siuzuie ||  
|  swim || verb || [[siuzuie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fly || verb || pef ||  
|  fly || verb || {{x|pøef}} ||  
|-
|-
|  walk || verb || kviaa || generic
|  walk || verb || [[kviaa]] || generic
|| kvialo || go on foot (informal)
|| kvialo || go on foot (informal)
|| poxheeng || go on foot (formal)
|| poxheeng || go on foot (formal)
Line 347: Line 334:
|| poxliern || go on foot (formal)
|| poxliern || go on foot (formal)
|-
|-
|  come || verb || laai ||  
|  come || verb || {{x|laai}} ||  
|-
|-
|  lie || verb || tQr || horizontal
|  lie || verb || [[tør]] || horizontal
|-
|-
|  sit || verb || ze ||  
|  sit || verb || [[ze]] ||  
|-
|-
|  stand || verb || zam || affix
|  stand || verb || [[zam]] || affix
|| khia ||  
|| [[khia]] ||  
|-
|-
|  turn || verb || oad || change direction
|  turn || verb || [[oad]] || change direction
|-
|-
|  fall || verb || laklQh || drop
|  fall || verb || [[lakløh]] || drop
|-
|-
|  give || verb || ho ||  
|  give || verb || [[ho]] ||  
|-
|-
|  hold || verb || theh ||  
|  hold || verb || [[theh]] ||  
|-
|-
|  squeeze || verb || lut ||  
|  squeeze || verb || [[lut]] ||  
|-
|-
|  rub || verb || loarn || massage; knead
|  rub || verb || [[loarn]] || massage; knead
|-
|-
|  wash || verb || soea ||  
|  wash || verb || {{x|søea}} ||  
|-
|-
|  wipe || verb || chid ||  
|  wipe || verb || [[chid]] ||  
|-
|-
|  pull || verb || khiuo ||  
|  pull || verb || [[khiuo]] ||  
|| giuo ||  
|| giuo ||  
|-
|-
|  push || verb || sag ||  
|  push || verb || [[sag]] ||  
|-
|-
|  throw || verb || taxn ||  
|  throw || verb || [[taxn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  tie || verb || pak ||  
|  tie || verb || {{x|pak}} ||  
|-
|-
|  sew || verb || paang ||  
|  sew || verb || [[paang]] ||  
|| thvi ||  
|| thvi ||  
|-
|-
|  count || verb || siaux ||  
|  count || verb || [[siaux]] ||  
|-
|-
|  say || verb || korng ||  
|  say || verb || [[korng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sing || verb || chviux ||  
|  sing || verb || [[chviux]] ||  
|-
|-
|  play || verb || sngr ||  
|  play || verb || [[sngr]] ||  
|| chitthQo || intransitive
|| [[chitthøo]] || intransitive
|-
|-
|  float || verb || phuu ||  
|  float || verb || [[phuu]] ||  
|-
|-
|  flow || verb || laau ||  
|  flow || verb || [[laau]] ||  
|-
|-
|  freeze || verb || kietpefng ||  
|  freeze || verb || [[kietpefng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  swell || verb || phorngtoa ||  
|  swell || verb || [[phorngtoa]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sun || noun || thaeioong || scientific
|  sun || noun || thaeioong || scientific
|| jidthaau || informal
|| [[jidthaau]] || informal
|-
|-
|  moon || noun || [[gQeqniuu]] ||  
|  moon || noun || [[gøeqniuu]] ||  
|-
|-
|  star || noun || [[chvy]] ||  
|  star || noun || [[zhvef]]/[[chvy]] ||  
|-
|-
|  water || noun || [[zuie]] ||  
|  water || noun || [[zuie]] ||  
|-
|-
|  rain || noun || ho ||  
|  rain || noun || [[ho]]/[[løqho]] ||  
|-
|-
|  river || noun || [[hQo]] ||  
|  river || noun || [[khøef|høo]] ||  
|-
|-
|  lake || noun || oo ||  
|  lake || noun || [[oo]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sea || noun || [[hae]] ||  
|  sea || noun || [[hae]] ||  
|-
|-
|  salt || noun || iaam ||  
|  salt || noun || [[iaam]] ||  
|-
|-
|  stone || noun || ciQh || affix
|  stone || noun || [[ciøh]] || affix
|| ciQqthaau ||  
|| [[ciøqthaau]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sand || noun || soaf ||  
|  sand || noun || [[soaf]] ||  
|-
|-
|  dust || noun || thohurn ||  
|  dust || noun || [[thohurn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  earth || noun || [[texkiuu]] || planet
|  earth || noun || [[tøexkiuu]] || planet
|-
|-
|  cloud || noun || huun ||  
|  cloud || noun || [[huun]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fog || noun || bu ||  
|  fog || noun || [[bu]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sky || noun || thvy ||  
|  sky || noun || [[thvy]] ||  
|-
|-
|  wind || noun || [[hofng]] ||  
|  wind || noun || [[hofng (khiesiong)|hofng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  snow || noun || seq ||  
|  snow || noun || [[seq]] ||  
|-
|-
|  ice || noun || pefng ||  
|  ice || noun || [[pefng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  smoke || noun || hwn ||  
|  smoke || noun || [[hwn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  fire || noun || hea ||  
|  fire || noun || {{x|høea}} ||  
|-
|-
|  ashes || noun || hef || ashes or dust
|  ashes || noun || [[høef]] || ashes or dust
|| hefhw ||  
|| [[høefhw]] ||  
|-
|-
|  burn || verb || hviaa ||  
|  burn || verb || [[hviaa]] ||  
|-
|-
|  road || noun || lo ||  
|  road || noun || [[lo]] ||  
|-
|-
|  mountain || noun || svoaf ||  
|  mountain || noun || [[svoaf]] ||  
|-
|-
|  red || adjective || aang ||  
|  red || adjective || [[aang]] ||  
|-
|-
|  green || adjective || lek ||  
|  green || adjective || [[lek]] ||  
|| chvy ||  
|| [[zhveseg]]/chviseg ||  
|-
|-
|  yellow || adjective || ngg ||  
|  yellow || adjective || [[ngg]] ||  
|-
|-
|  white || adjective || peh ||  
|  white || adjective || [[peh]] ||  
|-
|-
|  black || adjective || of ||  
|  black || adjective || [[of]] ||  
|-
|-
|  night || noun || armsii ||  
|  night || noun || [[armsii]] ||  
|-
|-
|  day || noun || jidsii ||  
|  day || noun || [[jidsii]] ||  
|-
|-
|  year || noun || nii ||  
|  year || noun || [[nii]] ||  
|-
|-
|  warm || adjective || siQlQ ||  
|  warm || adjective || [[siølø]] ||  
|-
|-
|  cold || adjective || kvoaa ||  
|  cold || adjective || [[kvoaa]] ||  
|-
|-
|  full || adjective || boarn ||  
|  full || adjective || [[boarn]] ||  
|| moar ||  
|| moar ||  
|| tvi ||  
|| tvi ||  
|-
|-
|  new || adjective || syn ||  
|  new || adjective || [[syn]] ||  
|-
|-
|  old || adjective || lau || not young
|  old || adjective || [[lau]] || not young
|| ku || not new
|| ku || not new
|-
|-
|  good || adjective || hQr ||  
|  good || adjective || [[hør]] ||  
|-
|-
|  bad || adjective || phvae ||  
|  bad || adjective || [[phvae]] ||  
|-
|-
|  rotten || adjective || aux ||  
|  rotten || adjective || [[aux]] ||  
|| zhaonoa ||  
|| [[zhaonoa]] ||  
|-
|-
|  dirty || adjective || lahsab ||  
|  dirty || adjective || {{x|lahsab}} ||  
|-
|-
|  straight || adjective || tit ||  
|  straight || adjective || [[tit]] ||  
|-
|-
|  round || adjective || vii ||  
|  round || adjective || [[vii]] ||  
|-
|-
|  sharp || adjective || lai ||  
|  sharp || adjective || [[lai]] ||  
|-
|-
|  dull || adjective || tun ||  
|  dull || adjective || [[tun]] ||  
|-
|-
|  smooth || adjective || kngkut ||  
|  smooth || adjective || [[kngkut]] ||  
|-
|-
|  wet || adjective || sib ||  
|  wet || adjective || [[sib]] ||  
|| taam ||  
|| [[taam]] ||  
|-
|-
|  dry || adjective || taf ||  
|  dry || adjective || [[taf]] ||  
|-
|-
|  correct || adjective || tiQh || informal
|  correct || adjective || [[tiøh]] || informal
|| zerngkhag || formal
|| [[zerngkhag]] || formal
|-
|-
|  near || adjective || kun ||  
|  near || adjective || [[kun]] ||  
|-
|-
|  far || adjective || hng ||  
|  far || adjective || [[hng]] ||  
|-
|-
|  right || adjective || cviax ||  
|  right || adjective || [[cviax]] ||  
|-
|-
|  left || adjective || tQx ||  
|  left || adjective || [[tøx]] ||  
|-
|-
|  at || preposition || ti ||  
|  at || preposition || ti ||  
Line 523: Line 510:
|  in || preposition || ti || lai ||  
|  in || preposition || ti || lai ||  
|-
|-
|  with || conjunction || kab ||  
|  with || conjunction || [[kab]] ||  
|-
|-
|  and || conjunction || kab ||  
|  and || conjunction || [[kab]] ||  
|-
|-
|  if || conjunction || naxsi ||  
|  if || conjunction || naxsi ||  
Line 531: Line 518:
|  because || conjunction || in'ui ||  
|  because || conjunction || in'ui ||  
|-
|-
|  name || noun || miaa || affix or generic
|  name || noun || [[miaa]] || affix or generic
|}
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