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* {{gs|pegthok|白讀|colloquial readings}} - usually used in normal speech (''[[peqoe]]'') | * {{gs|pegthok|白讀|colloquial readings}} - usually used in normal speech (''[[peqoe]]'') | ||
* {{gs|bunthok|文讀|literary readings}} - usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings | * {{gs|bunthok|文讀|literary readings}} - usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings | ||
* For example, {{ | * For example, {{moethj|白}} has the following readings in the ''[[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]]'': | ||
** {{p}} ''{{x|peh}}'' | ** {{p}} ''{{x|peh}}'' | ||
** {{b}} ''{{x|pek}}'' | ** {{b}} ''{{x|pek}}'' | ||
* Another major class of readings is ''{{x|thøex}}'', for when a [[substitute character]] is used in place of the spoken word. For example, {{ | * Another major class of readings is ''{{x|thøex}}'', for when a [[substitute character]] is used in place of the spoken word. For example, {{moethj|肉}}: | ||
** {{t}} ''{{x|baq | ** {{t}} ''{{x|baq}}'' | ||
** {{p}} ''{{x|hek}}'' | ** {{p}} ''{{x|hek}}'' | ||
** {{b}} ''{{x|jiok | ** {{b}} ''{{x|jiok}}'' | ||
'''Vernacular readings''', marked {{gs|siok|俗}}, are relatively rare. See {{gs|pof|埠}}, {{gs|lok|錄}}, {{gs|kiok|劇}}, for example. | '''Vernacular readings''', marked {{gs|siok|俗}}, are relatively rare. See {{gs|pof|埠}}, {{gs|lok|錄}}, {{gs|kiok|劇}}, for example. | ||
Revision as of 11:16, 8 January 2022
Bungieen kab peqoe / Buun-pek i-thok (文白異讀; Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters)
Literary vs colloquial
- pegthok (白讀 colloquial readings) - usually used in normal speech (peqoe)
- bunthok (文讀 literary readings) - usually used in formal loan words or names, when reading aloud and in formal settings
- For example, Template:Moethj has the following readings in the Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan:
- Another major class of readings is thøex, for when a substitute character is used in place of the spoken word. For example, Template:Moethj:
Vernacular readings, marked siok (俗), are relatively rare. See pof (埠), lok (錄), kiok (劇), for example.
More examples
Most Hokkien numerals have both literary and colloquial readings. Literary readings are typically used when the numerals are read out loud (e.g. telephone numbers), while colloquial readings are used for counting items.
The following chart, from Amoy_dialect#Literary_and_colloquial_readings, illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts:
| Colloquial | Literary | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [p-], [pʰ-] | [h-] | 分 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | divide |
| [ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-] | [s-], [ɕ-] | 成 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | to become |
| [k-], [kʰ-] | [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-] | 指 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | finger |
| [-ã], [-uã] | [-an] | 看 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | to see |
| [-ʔ] | [-t] | 食 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | to eat |
| [-i] | [-e] | 世 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | world |
| [-e] | [-a] | 家 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | family |
| [-ia] | [-i] | 徛† / 企 | Template:X2 | Template:X2 | to stand |
More details
The following is adapted from Hokkien#Literary_and_colloquial_readings:
- The bulk of literary readings are based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang dynasty and mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names).
- Literary readings tend to be more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.
- The colloquial (or vernacular) readings are basically used in spoken language and vulgar (ordinary/common) phrases.
- The divergence between literary and colloquial is due to several "strata" in the Min lexicon. See Proto-Min_language#Strata