A Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Lie hør.ogg|thumb|"Hello" in Taiwanese, written '''''[[Lie hør!]]''''']]  
[[File:Lie hør.mp3|thumb|"Hello" in Taiwanese, written '''''[[Lie hør!]]''''']]  


'''''Li<u>e</u> hø<u>r</u>!''''' [[Taioan'oe|Taiwanese]] is a beautiful and musical language spoken in [[Taioaan|Taiwan]] and by Taiwanese people around the world. This '''''Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese''''' will provide you with a brief introduction to the spoken language as well as a writing system called [[Modern Taiwanese Language]] (MTL).  
'''''Li<u>e</u> hø<u>r</u>!''''' [[Taioan'oe|Taiwanese]] is a beautiful and musical language spoken in [[Taioaan|Taiwan]] and by Taiwanese people around the world. This '''''Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese''''' will provide you with a brief introduction to the spoken language as well as a writing system called [[Modern Taiwanese Language]] (MTL).  
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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
We will first introduce all of the phonetic sounds of Taiwanese, using the [[Taiwanese alphabet]]. Some sounds have an approximation in English, while others may be less familiar. In the examples, we have underlined tone indicators that are silent, which we will explain later.
We will first introduce all of the phonetic sounds of Taiwanese, using the [[Taiwanese alphabet]]. Some sounds have an approximation in English, while others may be less familiar. In the examples, we have underlined indicators (mainly ''f'', ''r'', ''x'', ''v'') that are silent, which we will explain later.


=== Consonants ===
=== Initial consonants ===
Here are the 18 initial consonants in MTL:
Here are the 18 initial consonants in MTL, which come at the beginning of the syllable.


[[File:conExp.ogg]]
[[File:Initial consonants.mp3|thumb|none|Consonants]]
[[File:conExp.mp3|thumb|none|Examples]]
{{Initial_consonants}}
{{Initial_consonants}}


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These are the pure vowel sounds ({{w|monophthong}}s).
These are the pure vowel sounds ({{w|monophthong}}s).


[[File:SimpleVowels.ogg]]
[[File:SimpleVowels.mp3]]
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! MTL  !! Example !! Meaning  
! MTL  !! Example !! Meaning  
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|}   
|}   


We saw ''m'' earlier as a consonant, but it can stand alone as a vowel. In fact, both ''m'' and ''ng'' can be an entire word. We will see them both again later as final consonants.
We saw ''m'' earlier as a consonant, but it can stand alone as a vowel. In fact, both ''m'' and ''ng'' are complete syllables and complete words. We will see them both again later as final consonants.


==== Compound vowels ====
==== Compound vowels ====
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These vowels are a combination of two (or three) pure vowel sounds.  
These vowels are a combination of two (or three) pure vowel sounds.  


[[File:CompoundVowels.ogg]]
[[File:CompoundVowels.mp3]]


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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| oa  || {{xl|toa}} || big  
| oa  || {{xl|toa}} || big  
|-  
|-  
| {{xl|oe}}  || {{xl|hoe}} || meeting  
| {{xl|oe}}  || {{xl|hoe}} || meeting
|-
| øe  || [[øe]] || to be able to (dialectal)
|-  
|-  
| oai  || {{xl|koaix}} || weird   
| oai  || {{xl|koaix}} || weird   
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have a nasal form. A ''v'' is placed in front of the vowel to designate it.  
have a nasal form. A ''v'' is placed in front of the vowel to designate it.  


[[File:FrontNasalV3.ogg]]
[[File:FrontNasalV3.mp3]]


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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The following ''finals'' are composed of vowels capped with the nasal ''m'', ''n'' and ''ng'' as final consonants.
The following ''finals'' are composed of vowels capped with the nasal ''m'', ''n'' and ''ng'' as final consonants.


[[File:RearNasal.ogg]]
[[File:RearNasal.mp3]]


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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* [consonant] + '''vowel''' + [nasal final consonant]
* [consonant] + '''vowel''' + [nasal final consonant]


As a bare minimum, only a vowel is required. The items in the [[koat'hoo|brackets]] are optional.
As a bare minimum, only a vowel is required. The items in the [[koat'hoo|brackets]] are optional. We will explain below how every syllable has a distinct tone.


A word can be formed with one or more syllables, but two syllables is most typical.
A word can be formed with one or more syllables, but two syllables is most typical.
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Taiwanese is a tonal language which means that pitch is used to convey meaning. Many words are differentiated solely by [[sviatiau|tone]]. Learning to speak and hear the [[tones of Taiwanese]] correctly is often difficult for an English speaker since there are no tones in English. With practice you will be able to hear and speak it. Taiwanese has seven tones (Mandarin has four). Again most speakers of Taiwanese are not aware of the different tones but they can all understand it when you pronounce it.
Taiwanese is a tonal language which means that pitch is used to convey meaning. Many words are differentiated solely by [[sviatiau|tone]]. Learning to speak and hear the [[tones of Taiwanese]] correctly is often difficult for an English speaker since there are no tones in English. With practice you will be able to hear and speak it. Taiwanese has seven tones (Mandarin has four). Again most speakers of Taiwanese are not aware of the different tones but they can all understand it when you pronounce it.


[[File:Tones1235784.ogg|thumb|''af'', ''ar'', ''ax'', ''aa'', ''a'', ''ah'', ''aq'']]
[[File:Tones1235784.mp3|thumb|none|''af'', ''ar'', ''ax'', ''aa'', ''a'', ''ah'', ''aq'']]


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Tones !! Description !! MTL !! Example
! # !! Tones !! Description !! MTL !! Example
|-  
|-  
| 1 || High || high level tone || [[f]] || {{xl|af}}
| 1 || High || high level tone || [[f]] || {{x|khaf}}
|-  
|-  
| 2 || Shouting || start high, then sharp downward || [[r]] || {{xl|ar}}
| 2 || Shouting || start high, then sharp downward || [[r]] || {{x|ar}}
|-  
|-  
| 3 || Low Falling || start mid then downward tone || [[x]] || ax
| 3 || Low Falling || start mid then downward tone || [[x]] || {{x|extaxng}}
|-  
|-  
| 5 || Curving || start mid level then down and up  || doubling of vowel || aa
| 5 || Curving || start mid level then down and up  || doubling of vowel || {{x|gaau}}
|-  
|-  
| 7 || Basic || mid level tone || default || a
| 7 || Basic || mid level tone || default || {{x|toa}}
|-  
|-  
| 8 || Short high || short high tone || ends with ''h'', ''p'', ''t'' or ''k''  || {{xl|ah}}; {{xl|ap}}, {{xl|lat}}, {{xl|bak}}
| 8 || Short high || short high tone || ends with ''h'', ''p'', ''t'' or ''k''  || {{xl|ah}}, {{xl|ap}}, {{xl|lat}}, {{xl|bak}}
|-  
|-  
| 4 || Short low || short low tone || ends with ''q'', ''b'', ''d'' or ''g'' || {{xl|aq}}; {{xl|ab}}, {{xl|ad}}, {{xl|ag}}
| 4 || Short low || short low tone || ends with ''q'', ''b'', ''d'' or ''g'' || {{xl|aq}}, {{xl|ab}}, {{xl|ad}}, {{xl|ag}}
|}   
|}   


The letters ''f'', ''r'' and ''x'' are silent tone indicators for [[Tng'ym|long tone]]s. However, the ending letter of a [[short tone]] tells both final consonant and tone. Looking at the high short tones first: the ''h'' is a {{w|glottal stop}}, then the ''p'', ''t'' and ''k'' are stops sounding similar to how they're used as an initial consonant. The low short tones are then the same as the corresponding high tone version but in lower pitch.
The letters ''f'', ''r'' and ''x'' are silent tone indicators for [[Tng'ym|long tone]]s.  


Here are some common examples of the seven tones:
==== Long tones ====
Here are some common examples of the long tones:


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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|-  
|-  
| Basic || {{xl|si}} || is  
| Basic || {{xl|si}} || is  
|}
The tone indicators always come to the right of the vowel, with one exception. To indicate the curving tone of a compound vowel, normally its last letter is repeated. But when there is an ''a'', it is the one repeated, even when it doesn't sit at the very end of the vowel. For example: {{xl|jidthaau}} & {{xl|na'aau}}.
==== Short tones ====
Here are some examples of the short tones:
{| class="wikitable"
! Pitch !! -h  !! -p !! -t !! -k
|-  
|-  
|   ||  || 
| high || {{xl|ciah}} (''to eat'') || {{xl|hap}} (''to close'') || {{xl|kut}} (''slippery'') || {{xl|lok}} (''deer'')
|-
| Short high || {{xl|ciah}} || to eat  
|-
| Short low || {{xl|phaq}} || to hit
|-
| Short high || {{xl|hap}} || to close  
|-
| Short low || {{xl|ciab}} || to catch
|-
| Short high || {{xl|kut}} || slippery  
|-
| Short low || {{xl|kud}} || bone
|-
| Short high || {{xl|lok}} || deer  
|-  
|-  
| Short low || {{xl|kog}} || country (''[[kokkaf]]'')
| low || {{xl|phaq}} (''to hit'') || {{xl|ciab}} (''to catch'') || {{xl|kud}} (''bone'') || {{xl|kog}} (''[[kokkaf|country]]'')
|}
|}


As you can see, the tone indicators (''f'', ''x'', ''r'', etc.) are placed immediately after the vowel. To indicate the curving tone of a compound vowel, normally its last letter is repeated. The exception is when there is an ''a'', it is the one repeated, even when it doesn't sit at the very end of the vowel. For example: {{xl|jidthaau}} & {{xl|na'aau}}.
The ending letter of a [[short tone]] tells both final consonant and tone. Looking at the high short tones first: the ''h'' is a {{w|glottal stop}}, then the ''p'', ''t'' and ''k'' are stops sounding similar to how they're used as an initial consonant. The low short tones are then the same as the corresponding high tone version but in lower pitch.


==== Special vowels ====
==== Special vowels ====
For certain vowels in certain tones, there are a few substitutions/shortcuts: five for the shouting-out tone, plus two in the high tone. There is also a shortcut for the curving tone of ''ø''.
For certain vowels in certain tones, there are a few substitutions/shortcuts: five for the shouting-out tone, plus two in the high tone. There is also a shortcut for the curving tone of ''ø''.


[[File:specialVowl.ogg]]
[[File:specialVowl.mp3]]
[[File:special_vowels_high.mp3]]


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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| ai  || air || ae  || {{xl|hae}} || sea
| ai  || air || ae  || {{xl|hae}} || sea
|-  
|-  
| i  || ir || ie  || {{xl|lie}} || you
| i  || ir || {{x|ie}} || {{xl|lie}} || you
|-  
|-  
| u  || ur || uo  || {{xl|kuo}} || (''of time'') long
| u  || ur || {{x|uo}} || {{xl|kuo}} || (''of time'') long
|-  
|-  
| e  || er || ea  || {{xl|bea}} || horse
| e  || er || {{x|ea}} || {{xl|bea}} || horse
|-  
|-  
| au  || aur || ao  || {{xl|kao}} || dog
| au  || aur || {{x|ao}} || {{xl|kao}} || dog
|-  
|-  
| i  || if || y  || {{xl|y}} || he / she / it
| i  || if || {{x|y}} || {{xl|y}} || he / she / it
|-  
|-  
| u  || uf || w || {{xl|wtiu}} || universe
| u  || uf || w || {{xl|wtiu}} || universe
|-  
|-  
| ø  || øø || øo || {{xl|kiøo}} || bridge
| ø  || øø || {{x|øo}} || {{xl|kiøo}} || bridge
|}
|}


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Example:
Example:


* [[File:Kviaf`sie.ogg]] [[kviaf`sie]] ((v.) ''to freak someone out'') - ''kviaf'' keeps its high tone but ''sie'' is pronounced with a weakened low tone.  
* [[File:Kviaf`sie.mp3]] [[kviaf`sie]] ((v.) ''to freak someone out'') - ''kviaf'' keeps its high tone but ''sie'' is pronounced with a weakened low tone.  


* [[File:Kviasie.ogg]] [[kviasie]] ((adj.) ''scared of death'') – ''kviaf'' is pronounced with normal tone change from high to basic while ''sie'' is pronounced as a shouting tone. ''{{w|Kiasi}}'' is Hokkien phrase that describes the attitude of being overly afraid or timid.
* [[File:Kviasie.mp3]] [[kviasie]] ((adj.) ''scared of death'') – ''kviaf'' is pronounced with normal tone change from high to basic while ''sie'' is pronounced as a shouting tone. ''{{w|Kiasi}}'' is Hokkien phrase that describes the attitude of being overly afraid or timid.


== Further study ==
== Further study ==

Revision as of 21:27, 23 February 2018

"Hello" in Taiwanese, written Lie hør!

Lier! Taiwanese is a beautiful and musical language spoken in Taiwan and by Taiwanese people around the world. This Beginner's Guide to Taiwanese will provide you with a brief introduction to the spoken language as well as a writing system called Modern Taiwanese Language (MTL).

Most speakers of Taiwanese are not aware that there exist several ways to write it down. MTL and Taiwanese Romanization System both derive from Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), which had over 100,000 users in the mid-20th century. While no single system has been widely adopted (whether romanized or in Han characters), MTL is a very useful tool for learning Taiwanese. Most Taiwanese speakers may not be able to read any of these systems but will understand you better because you used it.

Phonology

We will first introduce all of the phonetic sounds of Taiwanese, using the Taiwanese alphabet. Some sounds have an approximation in English, while others may be less familiar. In the examples, we have underlined indicators (mainly f, r, x, v) that are silent, which we will explain later.

Initial consonants

Here are the 18 initial consonants in MTL, which come at the beginning of the syllable.

Consonants
MTL Approx. Example Meaning
p spin papaf father
ph pin phaq to hit
m Mimi mi noodle
b mumble baq meat
t stem tit straight
th Thomas theh to take
n neat nii year
l lima laang person
k ski kaf to add
kh key khix to go
h heap hii fish
g gaggle go five
c(i) gee ciaf here
ch(i) cheese chiaf car
s she / saw si is; yes
j vision / zeta jit sun; day
z yards zef this
zh Tsai (Ts'ai) zhaix vegetable

The p vs. b and k vs. g may be hard to differentiate at first. They are part of a three-way distinction, going from muddy to plain to aspirated.

  • The muddy b and g are voiced, meaning the vocal cords vibrate along with the consonant.
  • The plain p and k (and t) are unvoiced, not as aspirated as in English, but do have a distinct click or pop.
  • The aspirated consonants are composed of the plain symbol followed by h.

Note that s and j appear twice: these are slightly different when followed by an i vs other vowels.

Vowels

Single vowels

These are the pure vowel sounds (monophthongs).

File:SimpleVowels.mp3

MTL Example Meaning
a ka to bite
i hvi ear
u u to have
e ke low
o lo road
ø r good
m m no
ng hng far

We saw m earlier as a consonant, but it can stand alone as a vowel. In fact, both m and ng are complete syllables and complete words. We will see them both again later as final consonants.

Compound vowels

These vowels are a combination of two (or three) pure vowel sounds.

File:CompoundVowels.mp3

MTL Example Meaning
ai lai sharp
au au back
ia ia to spread
iu chviu elephant
kiøo bridge
iau liau material/stuff
ui ui stomach
oa toa big
oe hoe meeting
oai koaix weird

Nasal vowels

These vowel sounds are made using your nose. Most vowels have a nasal form. A v is placed in front of the vowel to designate it.

File:FrontNasalV3.mp3

MTL Example Meaning
va va filling (for dumplings etc.)
vi hvi ear
ve gve stiff
vo gvo to comprehend
vai vai to carry on back
vau gvau lotus root
via thviaf to listen
viu sviu to think
viau gviaugviaw itchy
voa voa to exchange
voai kvoaimngg to close a door

Vowel plus nasal final consonant

The following finals are composed of vowels capped with the nasal m, n and ng as final consonants.

File:RearNasal.mp3

MTL Example Meaning
-am lam to mix
-im a'kim (akim) aunt
-iam liam to nag
-an ban slow
-in kin near
-un tun dull
-ien lien to practice
-oan goan wish
-ang bang dream
-eng teng hard
-ong gong dumb
-iang liang bright
-iong iong to use

Syllabic structure

A syllable in Taiwanese follows one of these two patterns:

  • [consonant] + [nasal] vowel
  • [consonant] + vowel + [nasal final consonant]

As a bare minimum, only a vowel is required. The items in the brackets are optional. We will explain below how every syllable has a distinct tone.

A word can be formed with one or more syllables, but two syllables is most typical.

Tones

Taiwanese is a tonal language which means that pitch is used to convey meaning. Many words are differentiated solely by tone. Learning to speak and hear the tones of Taiwanese correctly is often difficult for an English speaker since there are no tones in English. With practice you will be able to hear and speak it. Taiwanese has seven tones (Mandarin has four). Again most speakers of Taiwanese are not aware of the different tones but they can all understand it when you pronounce it.

File:Tones1235784.mp3
af, ar, ax, aa, a, ah, aq
# Tones Description MTL Example
1 High high level tone f khaf
2 Shouting start high, then sharp downward r ar
3 Low Falling start mid then downward tone x extaxng
5 Curving start mid level then down and up doubling of vowel gaau
7 Basic mid level tone default toa
8 Short high short high tone ends with h, p, t or k ah, ap, lat, bak
4 Short low short low tone ends with q, b, d or g aq, ab, ad, ag

The letters f, r and x are silent tone indicators for long tones.

Long tones

Here are some common examples of the long tones:

Tone Example Meaning
High hiaf there
Shouting zar early
Low Falling zhaix vegetable
Curving hii fish
Basic si is

The tone indicators always come to the right of the vowel, with one exception. To indicate the curving tone of a compound vowel, normally its last letter is repeated. But when there is an a, it is the one repeated, even when it doesn't sit at the very end of the vowel. For example: jidthaau & na'aau.

Short tones

Here are some examples of the short tones:

Pitch -h -p -t -k
high ciah (to eat) hap (to close) kut (slippery) lok (deer)
low phaq (to hit) ciab (to catch) kud (bone) kog (country)

The ending letter of a short tone tells both final consonant and tone. Looking at the high short tones first: the h is a glottal stop, then the p, t and k are stops sounding similar to how they're used as an initial consonant. The low short tones are then the same as the corresponding high tone version but in lower pitch.

Special vowels

For certain vowels in certain tones, there are a few substitutions/shortcuts: five for the shouting-out tone, plus two in the high tone. There is also a shortcut for the curving tone of ø.

File:SpecialVowl.mp3 File:Special vowels high.mp3

Basic
Vowel
Tonal
Vowel
Special vowel
(shortcut)
Example Meaning
ai air ae hae sea
i ir ie lie you
u ur uo kuo (of time) long
e er ea bea horse
au aur ao kao dog
i if y y he / she / it
u uf w wtiu universe
ø øø øo kiøo bridge

Tone sandhi

File:Tone Circle.gif
Taiwanese tones in isolation, and the changes they undergo when they precede another tone.

The basic unit of speech is the syllable, which can change tone depending on where it is spoken in a sentence. This is referred to as tone sandhi, which is extensive in Taiwanese.

If a syllable is spoken in the middle of a word, phrase or sentence, it changes tone according to the Tone Circle diagram. If a syllable is spoken at the end of a phrase or sentence, it does not change tone. Most nouns do not change tone.

These tone changes are probably by far the hardest part of learning Taiwanese.

Three special symbols

Apostrophe (')

When two syllables are put together, it may be necessary to indicate a syllable boundary with an apostrophe, given the rule that letters must be grouped into a syllable starting from the right.

Example: of + kix vs og + ix

Suppose we want to combine of, meaning “black”, with kix, meaning “mole”. We simply take the modified tone of the first syllable and follow it by the second syllable. The result is okix (meaning “black mole”). Following the rules of MTL reading, kix is the longest possible syllable starting from the right. Thus the first syllable is the simple vowel o and the second syllable is kix, and no apostrophe is needed.

If we combine og (“evil”) and ix (“intention”) without an apostrophe, we also get okix. By the rules of reading MTL, the final syllable appears to be kix. Therefore, we must insert an apostrophe (ok'ix) to indicate that the last syllable is ix. Now we know the first syllable is ok, which is the modified tone of og. The word ok'ix means “evil intention”.

Hyphen (-)

A hyphen is used to join two, or more isolated words to make a new compound word with its own meaning.

Examples: Taioaan-laang (Taiwanese person); Bykog-kongbiin (American citizen).

When reading these hyphenated words, the syllable directly before the hyphen must undergo tone change.

Grave accent (`)

When a word contains a grave accent, all the syllables after it are accented in a weaker, lower tone -- either a low-falling tone or a low stop. The tone of the syllable before the grave accent remains unchanged.

Example:

  • kviaf`sie ((v.) to freak someone out) - kviaf keeps its high tone but sie is pronounced with a weakened low tone.
  • kviasie ((adj.) scared of death) – kviaf is pronounced with normal tone change from high to basic while sie is pronounced as a shouting tone. Kiasi is Hokkien phrase that describes the attitude of being overly afraid or timid.

Further study

External links